Managua

That is, it is alarming because inside the country they are being repressed, persecuted and monitored, as well as outside.

Cuando estamos hablando de represión transnacional, ¿estamos ante individuos actuando por su cuenta o existe suficiente evidencia para investigar una cadena de mando que comienza en Managua y utiliza redes de inteligencia fuera de Nicaragua? Porque como bien explicas, todavía no se conocen todos los detalles, no hay mucha claridad.

In the case of Roberto Sancam, the Costa Rican Prosecutor's Office assured that the planning came from the counterintelligence of the Nicaraguan army.

That is to say, there is a chain of command behind this that was planned in El Carmen to then be applied in Costa Rica, that is to say, on foreign soil, although they are worth the organized crime, the sicariato that can rule in some countries.

I just didn't really have a clue.

So number of things from going down to Managua, Nicaragua with Opportunity International on a microfinance trip to deciding to go to business school to just get a bigger aperture on the world, which I didn't like school.

So that was actually a sacrifice that I felt like I was I was leaning into to ultimately, I think, grabbing on to a model of cultural engagement.

that I would consider myself extremely formed by a conference in the 2009 to 2011 era for me called Q Ideas.

And he started raising funds for Nicaragua.

They'd fly planes down to Managua.

And the word came back to Clemente that the aid was being diverted by the strong man, Anastasio Somoza.

And so Clemente said, if I go, it will get to the people.

emerges from this gorge at d and thence to the margin of the main river valley at e it meanders through an alluvial plain continuous with the san juan flood plain e f the bottom of the valleys which the tributary and the trunk stream occupied before the recent depression of the region is represented in the profile by the solid line between the alluvium and the underlying rock when these valleys were formed they were considerably above sea-level and the streams had a much more rapid fall than at present but they are now somewhat below sea-level summing up the foregoing statements very briefly it appears that the surface of the nicaraguan depression consists of a broadly undulating plain formed by the erosion of streams flowing to the pacific and to the atlantic from low gaps at the divide above this plain are residual hills most abundant at the axis of the isthmus where the continental divide was formerly located but increasing in height along the axis toward the north where they merge with the mountains of northern nicaragua and finally there are many valleys which have been cut in the surface of the plain by the erosion of streams after the region had been elevated to a higher altitude The lower portions of these valleys have subsequently been drowned and silted up with the formation of broad alluvial floodplains.

during most of the time in which these topographic features were being developed the pacific coast had an outline very different from that which it has at present lakes nicaragua and managua then had no existence and the region which they now occupy was in part the basins of streams flowing to the pacific in part open ocean and in part a bay which then indented the pacific coast and whose southern point was near the present island of madeira the relations of the present and former coast lines are shown on the accompanying map plate six lake nicaragua has a regular oval outline its longer axis extending about n w s e its area is very nearly three thousand square miles and the mean elevation of its surface is about one hundred four feet above tide its shores present considerable diversity depending chiefly on the character of the rocks which form them and the direction of the prevailing winds the trade winds blow with great persistency throughout a large part of the year they are deflected from their normal course by the high volcanic range of northern costa rica so that instead of being northeast winds they vary from east to east southeast as a result of this constant wind direction the southeastern end and northeastern side of the lake rarely experience any surf and hence those portions of the lake shore have no beach but are bordered by swamps with vegetation constantly encroaching upon the lake along the southwestern side and western end of the lake on the other hand there is a constant heavy surf and as a result a broad sand beach generally backed by a wave-cut cliff the accompanying map page two hundred thirty nine based upon surveys made by the u s nicaragua canal commission shows the configuration of the lake basin the most interesting feature shown is the old channel evidently a drowned river channel formed when the southern half of the lake basin was dry land this channel marks the course of a river formed by the union of the several streams now entering the lower end of the lake with the one which occupies the upper portion of the san juan valley it is first detected in the vicinity of the solentiname islands and if it was ever excavated between this point and the mouth of the frio this portion has subsequently been filled by sediment brought into the lower end of the lake from the solentiname islands for about ten miles northward there is only a slight indication of the channel dense to the base of madeira it is continuous and distinct the greatest depth in the lake over two hundred feet is near the western end of this channel to the west of the bay which as shown on the map plate six formerly indented the pacific coast was a long cape or peninsula this now forms a part of the narrow strip of land occupied by the continental divide between lake nicaragua and the pacific this part of the isthmus although intimately connected with the nicaraguan depression is not properly a part of it its topography is particularly interesting in connection with the proposed canal since it contains the lowest gap in the continental divide between the straits of magellan and the arctic ocean the manner in which this gap was developed is worthy of consideration Bordering the lake along its southwestern side is a very perfectly base-leveled plain from five to eight miles in width, which I have called the Rivas Plain.

This is probably a portion of the same peneplain which forms the fundamental topographic feature of the Nicaraguan depression, and was at one time doubtless continuous with it.

from the lake shore where the waves have cut a narrow terrace backed by a low cliff the plane ascends toward the southwest at the rate of about eight feet per mile its even surface is interrupted by occasional low residual knobs which increase toward its inner margin passing into the continuous ridges and high hills of the main continental divide the tola hills which border the rivas plain on the southwest here extend to the pacific although further toward the northwest a narrow coastal plain is developed similar to the rivas plain on the opposite side of the range the tola hills doubtless correspond to the residual hills which rise above the peneplain of the nicaraguan depression they have a serrate outline the altitude of their summits varying between eight hundred and one thousand eight hundred feet while this range of hills still formed a long narrow point of land between the bay of nicaragua and the pacific the effect of deformations and wave erosion was such as to make the position of the divide unsymmetrical as shown on the map it was for a time located very much nearer to the pacific than to the head of the bay hence the streams which headed upon the divide and flowed in opposite directions were of very unequal length those flowing east to the bay must have been five or six times longer than those flowing west to the ocean

extending through the centre of the area in question is a line of volcanoes all of which are geologically very recent while some are still active from these numerous vents which were at first submarine a vast amount of material has been erupted building up broad gently sloping plateaus from which rise more or less isolated volcanic cones The southernmost of these volcanoes are the twin peaks of Madeira and Ometepe, which occupy an island in Lake Nicaragua.

Toward the northwest are Zapatero, also on an island, Mombacho, Masaya, Chiltepe, Momotombo, the clustered peaks forming the Maribios Range, and finally Cosigina on the Gulf of Fonseca.

most of these volcanoes have erupted both molten lavas and fragmental material the latter varying from coarse blocks of solid lava to the finest dust it is this fragmental material which gives to these volcanoes their beautifully symmetrical forms those which have been recently active as ometepe and momotombo are almost perfect cones the effects of erosion however are seen almost before the volcanic activity ceases and the symmetry of the cones is quickly destroyed the details of outline in the ash cones vary from year to year when the loose material has been removed or modified by erosion the summits assume the irregularly rounded forms seen in madeira and zapatero in some cases the conical summit is destroyed not by the slower process of erosion but by an explosive eruption the result is an irregular jagged truncation of the cone usually with a depression in the centre occupied by a lake this form is seen in mombacho and there is a tradition that the former was once a conical peak and as is well known the summit of kozegina was blown off by an explosive eruption in eighteen forty three the most violent recorded eruption until surpassed by that of krakatoa in eighteen eighty three these volcanoes rise from a level plain which stretches from the head of lake nicaragua northwestward to the gulf of fonseca it is composed wholly of fragmental volcanic materials which reached their present position probably in the form of mud flows the materials are not sorted though successive layers are separated by distinct planes in a quarry near managua human tracks have been found in this material showing that it is very recent and also affording some indication of the physical conditions under which it was deposited To the southwest of this plain, and separated from it by a rather steep escarpment, is a plateau which slopes somewhat gradually from an altitude of about 1,200 feet along its inner margin southwestward to the Pacific coast.

This plateau is composed of exactly the same materials as the lower plain to the east, and it appears probable that the two surfaces were once continuous, but have recently been separated by a fault.

Lake Atitlan is surrounded by lofty mountains, and Lake Izabal, or Golfo Dulce, is famous for the luxuriance of the vegetation that screens its banks.

Lakes Nicaragua and Managua are well known on account of their connection with the much-discussed canal projects.

The island of Ometepe in Lake Nicaragua bears an active volcano.

in regard to the geology it is only necessary to point out a few of the more important characters the highlands which bear so many active and quiescent volcanoes naturally show great masses of eruptive rocks some due to recent action and others much more ancient porous tufa is a common material for sculptures in many parts of mexico and central america in other places there are great beds of softer and finer grained material also of volcanic origin in these places such as copan in western honduras and mitla in southern mexico building in stone received its greatest development the soft greenish stone of copan seems to be a solidified mud flow permeated with volcanic ash rather than a true lava flow of melted rock limestones are also common and important in the economic development in some regions there are beds of a hard blue limestone going back to the carboniferous epoch this stone makes an excellent cement after burning the peninsula of yucatan is a great plain of limestone of much more recent formation like our own florida it was once a coral reef which was lifted above the sea by some natural agency this limestone gets older and more solid as we approach the base of the peninsula but at best is rather porous and coarse-grained the fauna and flora present great variation in the moist lowlands the monkeys play in the tree tops and the jaguar lies in wait for its prey alligators and crocodiles infest the rivers and swamps two small species of deer and the oscillated turkey are important items in the meat supply of yucatan that includes also the iguana the peccary and various large rodents the tapir and manatee are the largest animals of the lowlands but neither seems to have been of great significance to the natives Bats are frequently represented in the ancient art and a bat demon appears in several myths.