Malays

In fact, most of the men fighting for him weren't British at all.

They were Malays and Dayaks from communities that had decided, for one reason or another, that their future would be better served by supporting the new Raja.

Some wanted protection from raids that had plagued their villages for generations.

Others saw an opportunity to settle old scores with neighboring communities.

Spears and other weapons were brought to bear at close quarters, and within a very short time, the expedition had suffered terrible casualties.

Among those killed was a European named Stuart, but the most significant loss was a man we already know, Datuk Petinggi Ali.

Yes, the very same Malay leader who had helped organize the rebellion against Brunei's administration and who had subsequently become one of Brooke's most... trusted friends and allies.

He was a man who had first fought against the established government of Sarawak, then helped install an English Raja in his place, only to lose his life fighting for that new government against another group of local opponents.

So already there, you're losing money.

And so what the arrangement that is mostly done is that the area of South Africa we live in, there's a lot of Muslims, not Arabic, like Muslims, people who are just of the Muslim faith from Malaysia, India.

And it makes the unique colored racial group, which is Cape Malay is what they refer it to.

So my husband grew up eating, like my husband technically belongs, like belonged to this like racial group.

This study took place in Malaysia and the researchers targeted government-run primary schools in the state of Selangor.

Now, if you're not familiar with Malaysian geography, as quite frankly I wasn't before I started doing this research, Selangor is the most populous state in the whole of Malaysia and it surrounds the capital.

So, you know, it's not a small underrepresented rural pocket.

It's a major densely populated region.

So 78.9% identify as Malay, 7% identify as Chinese, 10.8% identify as Indian and then that leaves 3.3% identifying as from other ethnic backgrounds and according to the researchers this roughly mirrors Malaysia's three main ethnic groups nationally and so that lends the sample a reasonable degree of or real-world representativeness, at least in terms of how different ethnicities are represented.

Then in terms of their education, 58.8% of the teachers had an undergraduate degree, 38.4% had a master's degree, 0.5% had a doctorate degree, and 2.3% had a diploma.

That is a qualification that is becoming increasingly rare in the Malaysian teaching body because the rules in Malaysia have recently changed to say that now a bachelor's degree is the minimum qualification to be a primary school teacher and that's been

the

rivalries, and very long memories.

Malay chiefs controlled important settlements and trading routes, Iban warriors traveled the great waterways, and Bidayu communities farmed the hills and the valleys.

Above them, at least in theory, stood the Sultan of Brunei, whose authority stretched over much of northwestern Borneo, although his actual ability to exercise that authority, well, that was another matter altogether.

Sarawak was a complicated world of political alliances, family rivalries, competing interests, and occasional warfare.

One of the men he particularly admired was Sir Stamford Raffles, the British administrator who had actually established Singapore as a British trading settlement in 1819.

And his achievements had made quite an impression on Brooke.

He was an Englishman who would travel to the other side of the world, recognized an opportunity that others had overlooked, and helped turn a small island at the southern tip of the Malay Peninsula, Singapore, into one of the most important trading ports in Asia.

Brooke, I suppose, wondered whether there might still be somewhere in that vast region where a man with enough determination, a little bit of money, and a healthy appetite for adventure could actually make a name for himself.

Here to tell us more is Dr Imran Tajudeen from the National University of Singapore.

Imran is working on a book about the mausoleum and he's also a senior lecturer in two departments at the university, the Department of Malay Studies and the Department of Architecture.

He was a postdoctoral fellow at MIT's Aga Khan Programme and the International Institute for Asian Studies in Leiden.

He was also the Mutawa Visiting Fellow at the Oxford Centre for Islamic Studies.

wow.

So actually, it's inseparable.

When you talk about Habibno, why did he choose to come to Kampung Sambau and the hillock, right? And that is because there is an old Malay settlement there.

But when I say Malay settlement, it's also multi-ethnic.

Now there's a difference here.

Malay versus Malaysian.

The title of the article is.

Forced into a double life as a Malay Christian.

Malay Christian is different from a Malaysian Christian.

Malay refers to the ethnicity of the people.

The Malay ethnicity.

Malaysian refers to the nationality.

Hafeez

Rahman has a podcast that's aptly titled The Podcast, which celebrates everything Malay, while also dedicating a fair amount of time to horror stories too.

Since 2021, he's worked with ArtsHouse Ltd to stage the wildly popular horror production.

Wait, let me say the name first.

a cat right you got

a

cat right horrible but yeah it was the one and only time that I would do so now within the Malay community there's a lot of like horror walks a lot of all this I'm like No thanks right? No thanks ah? No it's okay, it's okay.

I'd rather spend my midnight timing like, on bed.