But before we get into that, could you maybe tell us a bit more about the background to this work and why you became so interested in it, and why it's such an important area for us to be looking at?

Yeah, absolutely.

So I started to become interested in drug allergy maybe ten or fifteen years ago, and I was interested in perioperative allergic reactions.

That's a, in a way, a slightly...

It's a, it's a subgroup within drug allergy where patients can experience life-threatening allergic reactions.

And when they're investigated after the event, certainly in Leeds and in lots of other centers, it's a multidisciplinary team that investigates these patients, and it's, uh, important to have anesthetic input because we're able to read the chart and interpret it and understand what is unusual d- during that reaction and what other explanations there might be for the signs and symptoms that the patient experienced.

So my interest in drug allergies started there, and I would say it's really fear of those life-threatening severe reactions that drives a lot of the behavior around drug allergy and the application of labels that maybe aren't... don't reflect true allergy.

So let's pick up with DALES first then, 'cause quite, quite rightly highlighting that, that's an important part of this background story, isn't it? So what, what did DALES show us, and how did that lead into SAPPHIRE?