Kars

In 1853, the Ottomans captured a border fort, but were later routed by the Russians at Akhaltsike.

A large Ottoman force was also defeated on the road to Kars, losing half of their artillery and their entire supply train.

In 1854, the Russians abandoned some of their coastal defenses due to the Allied naval presence.

That year, two major battles occurred in the south, but both sides eventually withdrew to their former positions.

In 1855, the Russians began a siege of Kars, choosing to starve out the garrison.

By late September, after learning of the fall of Sevastopol, the Russians launched a direct attack that failed with 8 casualties.

However, the blockade continued and Kars surrendered in November.

An Ottoman landing in Georgia intended to lift the siege was delayed by the Western powers and eventually failed due to poor roads and the onset of the rainy season.