Justin Kruger

The Dunning-Kruger effect, is a cognitive bias where people with low skill or limited knowledge in a specific area greatly overestimate their own competence.

It's named after two psychologists, David Dunning and Justin Kruger, who studied it in 1999.

And this bias happens because people lack the metacognition or self-awareness needed to recognize how poorly they are performing.

And this form of ignorance is contributing to a large portion of deception on social media today.

Cornell psychologist named David Dunning read about the case.

He and a graduate student, Justin Kruger, wanted to know why people who are bad at something so often think they're good at it.

Their 1999 paper became the Dunning-Kruger Effect.

Their explanation was that the knowledge you need to do something well is often the same knowledge you need to spot your own mistakes.

MacArthur's foible struck a chord with a Cornell psychologist named David Dunning, who took time away from his regularly scheduled ketamine-fueled orgies to investigate the case.

And in 1999, Dunning and his co-author, Justin Kruger, published a paper called Unskilled and Unaware of It.

In the paper, they postulated that the less knowledge a person has of a certain subject, the more they overestimate their confidence.

This phenomenon has come to be called the Dunning-Kruger effect.

You've almost certainly heard of it, and you've probably heard a version of it that isn't quite right.

In 1999, two psychologists at Cornell, David Dunning and Justin Kruger, published a paper in the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.

The title was long and a little blunt.

It was called Unskilled and Unaware of It, How Difficulties in Recognizing One's Own Incompetence Lead to Inflated Self-Assessments.

Let me explain why.

Back in 1999, psychologists David Dunning and Justin Kruger published research examining how accurately people assess their own abilities.

Their research found that some of the lowest performing participants substantially overestimated their performance.

The underlying explanation was particularly interesting.

It's kind of taken on a life of its own.

So when people talk about it, like online or whatever, they're not necessarily referring to the real But what David Dunning and Justin Kruger found in their original study is that if you ask people to do a task and you measure how good they are at it, and then you ask them to rate how good they are at it, you'll find that the people who are the worst at the task... are the ones who have the biggest amount of overconfidence.

And in fact, in some of their studies, they found that the people who were best at the same task actually had some underconfidence.

And one reason their study became so popular is they used tasks like sense of humor.

The Dunning-Kruger effect is a cognitive bias in which people with limited knowledge or skill in a particular area tend to overestimate their own competence, while people with greater expertise are often more aware of the complexity of the subject and may be more cautious about judging their own ability.

This classic idea comes from a 1999 paper by psychologists David Dunning and Justin Kruger, titled Unskilled and Unaware of It, How Difficulties in Recognizing One's Own Incompetence Lead to Inflated Self-Assessments, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol.

77, No. 6, 1121-1134.

Citing Miller, 1993, 4, the paper open with this, it is one of the essential features of such incompetence that the person so afflicted is incapable of knowing that he is incompetent.

We fill missing information with assumptions, and then because the assumption provides a coherent story, we forget that it began as an assumption.

And this brings us to one of the most famous concepts in psychology, the Dunning-Kruger effect.

And psychologists David Dunning and Justin Kruger published their landmark research in 1999.

Their work suggested that people who lack skill in a particular area may face a double problem.

In plenty of cases, it's the opposite.

This connects directly to something called the Dunning-Kruger effect, documented by David Dunning and Justin Kruger in 1999.

Their research showed that incompetent people systematically overestimate their own abilities because they don't have the metacognitive skill to recognize incompetence, including their own.

They don't know enough about the domain to see how much they don't know.

Or of people in general.

So according to the research for whom it is named, psychologists David Dunning and Justin Kruger, this effect is explained by the fact that the metacognitive ability to recognize deficiencies in one's own knowledge or competence requires that one possess at least a minimum level of the same kind of knowledge or competence.

which those who exhibit that effect have not attained.

Because they are unaware of their deficiencies, people generally assume they're not deficient.