Joint Test Action Group

There's some open source software like OpenOCD and Probe RS, And how well it works depends on your board.

So now there's compact JTAG, which is definitely not compact.

The standard is four times as long as the JTAG standard.

And the support is also lacking in some aspects.

Then you can just decide, okay, for TI microcontrollers, I will use their flashing software.

So by signing, for example, your application software, you can make sure that the software you're flashing on the controller is coming from a trusted source.

Another point is, as mentioned, outdated development tools and debugging interfaces like JTAG or UDS.

So these are used for development purposes, but if they are not locked after the development in the serial production, then you're also giving attackers an easy backdoor into the system.

And last but not least, also unprotected configurations.