Joshua Angrist

We have editors from the general journals, Lancet, JAMA, New England Journal of Medicine, Nature, as well as the circulation and the other cardiovascular journals that you can, again, hear from in person, ask them questions afterwards.

We have a fantastic Nobel Laureate lecture, um, by Josh Angrist.

This one's really great, particularly in the context of those late-breaking trials because hi- his work laid the foundations for causal analysis, and that's completely fundamental to interpreting data where randomization isn't possible or has, has issues, and so really, really relevant to, to this whole setting.

And then there's just the ability to walk around a room where there's 5,000 or so posters and oral abstracts being presented and simply just engage one-on-one with people that are going through the same challenges that you are and get ideas for how to troubleshoot, just get a little bit of that kind of emotional support.

If you just look at the treatment received, you are back in the murky waters of confounded observational data.

This conundrum was elegantly solved by the Nobel Prize-winning framework developed by Angrist, Imbens, and Rubin.

They showed how to use the randomized assignment itself as an instrumental variable.

variable.Okay, let's walk through this carefully.

It only works if you swallow the pill.

Perfect.

To deploy the math, Angrist, Imbens, and Rubin conceptually divided the population into four latent strata based on how they respond to the instrument.

It was the four compliance groups.