Ipilimumab

Now, NICH1 initially, interestingly, you know, it was not just MSI-high.

It was looking at MSS patient populations, too, but the findings in the MSI-high patients, mismatch-spare deficient patients, was very hard to ignore and led to the NICH2 and the subsequent studies, NICH3, where the idea of using, you know, immunotherapy, and in this case, the combination immunotherapy, the CTLA-4, was just one dose.

So that was also very different than some of the other studies that have been done in the perioperative or Even the data that you referred to, like the dostrolumab with rectal cancer is like six months of PD-1 blockade.

Here you're talking about just one dose of a CTLA-4 with PD-1 on day one, followed by just a follow-up dose or booster, if you may call it, of the PD-1 alone.

So it's a two-week course of an immunotherapy agent and surgery four to six weeks later.

This is the same study that was also plenary at ESMO, and the term of waterfall plot was renamed to the Chalabi plot because it's more like a glacier and less like a waterfall plot where every single patient was responding.

And then the niche tool work that we just talked about, Dr. Chalabi's work, was showing that neoadjuvant setting is a totally different, more conducive.

And there's work from the melanoma colleagues that's been plenary with the NADINA study showing the same drug, same treatment.

That data was presented by Dr. Steve O'Day at the ASCO annual meeting in 2010 and showed for the first time that any intervention could improve overall survival in metastatic melanoma.

Just under a year later, the US FDA approved Ipilimumab for use in metastatic melanoma based upon that improvement in overall survival.

That was just such an important foothold for us to have in the care of this otherwise very challenging disease.

And importantly, it also opened up pretty quickly.

Speaker.

That follows our decision earlier this year to make the same general pan-tumor listing for the other blockbuster immunotherapy Opdivo and Yervoy, Mr.

Speaker, delivering equity in cancer care for the first time, ensuring both of those patients that I talked about are able to focus on getting better rather than setting up a GoFundMe page to fund the huge cost of these amazing, effective new treatments.

And I want to stress, Mr.