Hoggar Mountains

The region also includes mountain massifs, volcanic uplands, oases, and unusual landforms such as the Richat structure in Mauritania.

Several deeply dissected mountains, many volcanic, rise from the desert, including the Aïr Mountains, Ahaggar Mountains, Saharan Atlas, Tibesti Mountains, Adrar des Iforas, and the Red Sea Hills.

The highest peak in the Sahara Desert is Emi Koussi, a shield volcano in the Tibesti range of northern Chad.

The central Sahara is hyper-arid, with sparse vegetation.