Hawaiian Renaissance

And that's a perfect example of it at Kalama Valley.

And now a lot of people point to the 1970s Hawaiian Renaissance as a major turning point.

And I'm wondering if you can tell us a little bit about what changed during that period culturally and politically, and how did it reshape Native Hawaiian resistance?

The 1970s were a time in which we see a lot of land-based struggles throughout the islands, so not just on Oahu, but on other islands as well.

Kalama Valley and the evictions of Native Hawaiian and non-Native Hawaiian farmers were a birthing moment, according to Haunani K. Trask and many others that have studied the Hawaiian Renaissance, where ideas about political organizing and struggle were butting up against ideas about culture, identity, and even nationalism, right? This is only 11 years after statehood.

And despite statehood becoming codified and legalized in the way that it did, there is still a building resentment for the various forms of harm that have fallen upon the Hawaiian Islands.

This is only 70 years-ish since the overthrow, since the annexation of the Hawaiian Kingdom and its lands.

By the late 1980s and 90s, Hawaiian language immersion schools and hula hula become increasingly politicized.

in January 1976.

Uh, a movement, uh, that came amid the Hawaiian Renaissance and the swell of that, what was happening with Hokule'a as well, and the occupying of Kaho'olawe when the US military was bombing the island following, uh, World War II-

Wow

... and commencing the training exercises there for decades.