Ghost work

But again, as we'll talk about, there's a lot of practices for these workers that aren't the best.

In Karen Howe's book, Empire of AI, she talks about ghost work and some of these situations And really, that whole theme of that book is comparing the current set of AI labs to imperial colonialism and, again, reproducing these patterns of exploitation and extraction from non-European countries.

And again, we see that showing up in how ghost work is organized.

We have all of the wealth of... money anyway, collected by these large language model developers, but underlying that is extracting this labor for very little and also leaving a lot of harm in its wake.

So usually these services are provided by third parties, Sama, ScaleAI, I think there's a bunch.