German Institute for International and Security Affairs

It's Derek, and I am very grateful to be joined today by Wolfram Lacher.

He is a senior associate at the German Institute for International and Security Affairs.

He's also the author of Libya's Fragmentation, Structure and Process in Violent Conflict.

We are going to talk about Libya and its fragmentation.

And last but not least, we have Oliver Meyer, who is head of program of the Nuclear and Multilateral Disarmament Program here at ELN.

And previously, he was also a senior researcher at the Institute for Peace Research and Security Policy in Hamburg and deputy head in the International Security Vision of the German Institute for International and Security Affairs.

So I'd like to talk to you about the biggest challenges that the CTBT and the CTBT-O currently face.

So Oliver, to you first, what are these challenges that the CTBT currently faces?

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Nikolai von Ondarza is head of the EU and Europe Research Division at the German Institute for International and Security Affairs.

He's also an associate fellow in the Europe program at Chatham House, and he's in Berlin this morning.

Nikolai, hello to you.

Thank you very much for this.

Thank you.

Nikolai von Ondarza is the head of the EU Europe Research Division at the German Institute for International and Security Affairs, and we reached him in Berlin.

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From Tehran's point of view, spreading out the pain is one of the few ways that it can get other countries to pressure Washington to back off.

This is something that observers like Dr. Hamidreza Azizi, a visiting fellow at the German Institute for International and Security Affairs, warned would happen.

He argued in an article for Time magazine that the Trump administration's economic sabre-rattling was likely to make Tehran escalate.

He pointed to the fact that Iran's supreme leader, Mujtaba Khomeini, had appointed Ahmad Vahidi, or one of the most hardline figures within Tehran, to head the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps.