George Monck, 1st Duke of Albemarle

However, the death of Cromwell creates a vacuum at the head of what has become, by this point, the English Commonwealth or English Protectorate.

And the English army stationed in Scotland, which is led by a guy called George Monk, are actually again in that kingmaker position because they intervene and Monk sees that there's another civil war in the offing here if he doesn't take action.

And he decides that the best course of action to avoid further war is actually to invite Charles II back to resume the thrones in kind of an attempt to avert further conflict.

So this is 1660, famous date.

Their system of balloting was proposed in the House of Commons by Neville, but the men in office were not so tired of exercising power as to consent to surrender it in rotation.

However, the systems of the Rota Club, like the simpler schemes of military dictatorship designed by the generals of the army, were put an end to by the intervention of Fairfax, the arrival of Monck, and the offer of the crown to Charles II.

This also put an end to the Latin secretaryship.

But in the meantime, Marvell had begun to take a more active part in politics.

Note: Tothill Field, a meeting place for duelists.

Not the first cock-horse that with cork was shod to rescue Albemarle from the sea-cod.

Note: George Monck, Duke of Albemarle.

Nor the late feathermen whom Tompkins fierce shall with one breath, like thistledown, disperse.

Richard's letter of resignation says he cares more about the peace of the country than about his own interests.

Lambert shuts the rump out of Westminster that October, but the commander in Scotland, George Monk, refuses to go along.

Monk crosses the River Tweed cold stream on New Year's Day with 5,000 soldiers and 2,000 cavalry.

Lambert's unpaid troops understandably refused to fight him.

Louis marches on the Republic itself in 1672, so Richard sends Montague's ships to sail beside the Dutch fleet and keeps the Dunkirk garrison in place.

On July 4th, with French troops inside the country, the Dutch leaders named William of Orange, a prince of only 21 years of age, their stadtholder.

The office makes him the head of the Dutch government and commander of its army, the same post his family held a generation ago.

Richard signs a treaty with him that winter to keep that alliance going.

And he's maybe not one of the kings more associated with the palace, but he is very much part of its history.

And he gives one of his supporters, General George Monk, who's the Duke of Albemarle, he gives permission to one of his servants to build the building that we're in now.

And it grows out of the need to service courtiers and visitors to the palace.

And it's still doing that today.

But Dunnottar, on its sea cliff, with its single narrow approach, held.

General Monck, George Monck, later Duke of Albemarle, laid siege for eight months.

He had artillery.

He had infantry.

Their system of balloting was proposed in the House of Commons by Neville, but the men in office were not so tired of exercising power as to consent to surrender it in rotation.

However, the systems of the Rota Club, like the simpler schemes of military dictatorship designed by the generals of the army, were put an end to by the intervention of Fairfax, the arrival of Monck, and the offer of the crown to Charles II.

This also put an end to the Latin secretaryship, but in the meantime Marvell had begun to take a more active part in politics.

In January 1659 he was elected member of parliament for Hull, and he continued to represent the town until his death.

Their tortoise wants its vainly stretched neck their navy all our conquest or a wreck or what is left their Carthage overcome would render fain unto our better Rome unless our senate lest their youth disuse the war but who would peace if begged refuse.

For now of nothing may our state despair, Darling of heaven and of men the care; Provided that they be what they have been, Watchful abroad and honest still within.

For while our Neptune doth the trident shake, Steeled with those piercing heads, Deane, Monck, and Blake, Note, Colonel Richard Deane, a great commonwealth admiral, killed in action in the victory of June 1653, while General Monck, afterwards First Duke of Albemarle, was by his side.

And while Jove governs in the highest sphere, Vainly in hell let Pluto domineer.

Nor was this feeling unknown in the ranks of the army itself.

George Monk, who commanded the English forces in Scotland, was a cool, taciturn man, without passion or enthusiasm.

He had served the king in the early part of the Civil War and had then passed over to the side of Parliament.

Blind to the higher side of Oliver's nature, he had served him faithfully in his effort to maintain order, and he knew as neither Lambert nor Fleetwood seemed to know that the government of a great kingdom cannot be carried on as a mere appendage to the military duties of a commander-in-chief.

As long as Richard Cromwell retained his authority, Monk seconded him loyally.

Richard Cromwell, he afterwards said, forsook himself, else had I never failed my promise to his father or regard to his memory.

As soon as Monk heard that the officers had dissolved Richard's government, he prepared for action.

Gathering a convention of the Scottish estates, he obtained from them a vote of money.

The Duke of Buckingham, before his extravagance had impaired his great property, had £19,600 a year.

George Monk, Duke of Albemarle, who had been rewarded for his eminent service with immense grants of crown land, and who had been notorious both for covetousness and for parsimony, left £15,000 a year of real estate and £60,000 in money, which probably yielded 7%.

These three dukes were supposed to be three of the very richest subjects in England.

The Archbishop of Canterbury can hardly have had £5,000 a year.