Gaul

In any event, at the end of his period as consul, consuls were elected for one-year terms.

Caesar went off to a governorship, which had been proposed with the support of Pompey and Crassus, to Gaul.

Actually, it was Illyricum, which is now the eastern coast of the Adriatic, where Croatia is.

And then also Cisalpine Gaul and Transalpine Gaul.

So he got three provinces, which was unheard of at the time.

But he got this because Pompey and Crassus were so influential that he had forced through their bills.

So it makes the math easy.

And then so his at the end of 59 B.C., 58 B.C., January as ex-consul, he oversees the election of the new consuls and then he goes off to his governorship.

Athanasius deserved to lose his life, but he would show indulgence.

He therefore banished him to Treve in Gaul, and the Arians triumphed.

there was mourning and lamentation in alexandria and throughout all egypt when the tidings came many appeals were made for justice but in vain even st anthony though he wrote to constantine could not move him one thing alone the emperor would not do in spite of all the persuasions of the arians appoint a successor to the absent patriarch Athanasius, indeed, continued to govern the diocese from his distant exile, writing continually to his bishops and clergy, exhorting them to stand fast in the faith, and reminding them that the road to consolation lay through affliction.

eusebius in the meantime was trying to force alexander the aged bishop of constantinople to admit arius to communion though ninety years old he stood firm and neither threats nor persuasions could move him the emperor was at last induced to fix a day on which alexander was to receive the heretic or be driven from his see the bishop appealed to heaven he ordered a seven-day fast throughout his diocese during which the faithful were to pray that god would prevent such a sacrilege on the eve of the appointed day the aged prelate having heard that arrius had arrived in the town prostrated himself on his face before the altar lord he prayed if arius must be received to communion in this church to-morrow take me i beseech thee from this world but if thou hast pity on thy church suffer not i pray thee that such a thing should be arrius at that very moment was being escorted in triumph round the city by his followers suddenly the heresiarch turned pale and trembled he did not feel well he said he would rejoin them presently the time passed and he did not return at last they went to look for him but it was a dead body which they found a sight before which even they turned pale arrius had been overtaken by a sudden and horrible death The fate of the Heresiarch made a great impression on the Emperor, who had himself but a short time to live.

But when Athanasius was proved innocent, and the bishops whom the Arians had banished appeared to bear witness to the violence and cruelty with which they had been treated, the Arians abruptly left the council, and returned to Philippopolis.

Here they formed a council of their own, in which they not only excommunicated Athanasius, but had the impudence to excommunicate Pope Julius himself.

The council of Sardica, at which were present the Orthodox bishops of Italy, Spain, Gaul, Africa, Greece, Palestine, and Egypt, was very well able to get on without them.

the innocence of athanasius was finally established and the arians and their creed condemned a circular letter was then written to all the churches informing them of what had passed and legates were dispatched to the two emperors constans and constantius constantius dared not resist urged by his brother who did his best to show the conduct of the arians in its true light and threatened him with civil war if he persisted in upholding them he sent letters to alexandria ordering that athanasius should be honorably received gregory had met his death a short time before so there was no obstacle to athanasius return the alexandrians in the meantime had received a letter from pope julius in praise of their patriarch If precious metals, he wrote, such as gold and silver, are tried in the fire, what can we say of so great a man, who has been through so many perils and afflictions, who returns to you, having been declared innocent by the judgment of the whole synod? Receive, therefore, beloved, with all joy and glory to God, your Bishop Athanasius.

Will the fame of his performance reach all quarters? I will not say of the empire, but of Rome only.

Among the strangers who arrive from Spain, from Asia, or from Gaul, who inquires after Salaeus' buses? Should it happen that there is one? who thinks of him, his curiosity is soon satisfied.

He passes on, content with a transient view, as if he had seen a picture or a statue.

In what I have advanced, let me not be misunderstood.

His last years were occupied with questions of church reform, and later legends have transformed the stern, cautious statesman into a lame and sickly devotee, a mere king of the priests, while in the 12th century he and his pious queen Cunegund were formerly canonized as saints of the Roman Church.

A truer picture of the last Saxon emperor is found in a contemporary drawing, which shows Henry II enthroned and crowned with orb and scepter, supported by two ecclesiastics on the right side and by two warriors on the left, as if he held the balance between church and state, while figures representing the nations of Europe—Rome, Gaul, Germany, and Sclavinia, the land of the Slavs—approach him with awe and offer him gifts.

Though a deeply religious man, he did not scruple to use the church for political ends, to check and balance the threatening power of the lay nobles.

His first thought and care was for Germany and for the maintenance of German supremacy in Europe.

attack In the south, the Saracens from Spain and northern Africa made constant raids, sacking the towns on the coast

of Italy and the cities in southern Gaul, where they plundered the monasteries and burned the churches.

One place after another was laid waste by them, and neither the eastern emperor nor the German kings could protect their subjects.

In 827, they began the conquest of Sicily, which was completed after half a century of war with the Greek emperor.

other rivers.

In 795 they made a descent on the coast of Ireland.

In 841 and the succeeding years, different bands sacked many parts of Gaul.

A contemporary chronicler writes, the Northmen, as they were wont to do,

A

druid is a member of the ancient priestly learned and judicial class among the pre-Christian Celtic people of Gaul, Britain and Ireland.

Yeah, see, I wouldn't have known that properly.

Liberal meaning the word comes from the pro-Celtic compound druids, combining roots meaning oak and to know or to see, frequently translated as oak knower or strong seer.

In a few years Attila appeared at the head of an army of seven hundred thousand men.

With this great force he marched across Germany and into Gaul.

He rode on a beautiful black horse and carried at his side the sword of Tew.

He attacked and destroyed towns and killed the inhabitants without mercy.

The people had such dread of him that he was called the Scourge of God and the Fear of the World.

III.

Attila and his terrible Huns marched through Gaul until they came to the city of Orleans.

Here the people bravely resisted the invaders.