Franz Boas

Du Bois.

The Real Race Problem by Franz Boas, Professor of Anthropology, Columbia University.

Professor Franz Boas, who writes the leading article this month, is a member of the Department of Anthropology in Columbia University.

The editor of science reports that the leading scientists of America regard this Department of Columbia as the strongest in the country.

This gives a peculiar weight to Dr. Boas' words, which were first delivered at the Second National Negro Conference in May 1910. the essential problem before us is founded on the presence of two entirely distinct human types in the same community and relates to the best possible correlation of the activities of these two types on the whole the answer to this problem has been based on the assumption of the superiority of the one type and the inferiority of the other the first question to be answered by scientific investigation is in how far the negro type may be considered the inferior the white type as the superior the negro not inferior the anthropologist recognizes that the negro and the white represent the two most divergent types of mankind the differences in color form of hair form of face are known to all of us other differences better known to anthropologists are those in the proportions of the limbs and of the trunk of the

They were, he wrote, of their place and of their place alone.

As we learn from the wonderful Encyclopedia Iranica, the name Etrog seems to have been derived from the Arabic word Otroj, which itself seems to have been derived from the Persian Otro Anj or Toro Anj, which, according to Berthold Laufer, the great German-Jewish anthropologist and acolyte of Franz Boas, who had fluent command of Malay, Persian, Pali, Sanskrit, Mongolian, Manchu, Japanese...

Tibetan, Chinese, German, English, French, Latin, and Ancient Greek, the Persian otro-anj or toro-anj was itself derived from the Sanskrit matula-a-i-unga, which is Sanskrit for citron or etrog.

The etrog reliably appeared in generation after generation of Persian and Arab medical and scientific texts, as when Ali ibn Sal Tabari wrote in the 9th century that the fruit, quote, burns the phlegm and kills intestinal worms, or when the vizier Rashid al-Din Faizal Ala, who took a great interest in horticulture, boasted already in the 8th century that of grafting with success etrog branches not only onto the branch stock of other citrus fruits like lemons and oranges, but also onto the branch stock of apple, azerol, pear, and quince trees, and onto pomegranate rootstock.

Later, she went on to become one of the first Black American women to attend Barnard College, where she obtained her Bachelor's of Arts in Anthropology on a full scholarship.

Hurston then went on to pursue two years of graduate school at Columbia University, where she studied under the renowned anthropologist Franz Boas.

Boas' work helped shift the debate on race from a biologically essentialist framework to one framed around cultural relativism, the idea that cultures must be judged on their own merits and not on how they compare to other cultures.

Many of Boas' ideas informed Hurston's future travels as she explored the social and cultural frameworks of Black life in America.

Later, she went on to become one of the first Black American women to attend Barnard College, where she obtained her Bachelor's of Arts in Anthropology on a full scholarship.

Hurston then went on to pursue two years of graduate school at Columbia University, where she studied under the renowned anthropologist Franz Boas.

Boas' work helped shift the debate on race from a biologically essentialist framework to one framed around cultural relativism, the idea that cultures must be judged on their own merits and not on how they compare to other cultures.

Many of Boas' ideas informed Hurston's future travels as she explored the social and cultural frameworks of Black life in America.

Mental characteristics.

In answer to the contention that certain racial groups are mentally superior to others, Franz Boas, an outstanding scientist, says, No one has ever proved that a human being, through his descent from a group of people, must of necessity have certain mental characteristics.

If we were to select the most intelligent, imaginative, energetic, and emotionally stable third of mankind, all races would be represented.

Hooton, another scientist, is even more emphatic.

Many inspired to study natural sciences by Louis Agassiz, French.

Henry D. Thoreau, Huguenot, was great naturalist and writer.

Famous anthropologists are Franz Boas and Edward Sapir, German Jews, and Alice Hridlicka, Czech.

International authority on zoology and botany is Leonhard Steineger, Norwegian.

I, I did discuss it in, um, The Politics of Suffering book.

It wasn't really a strong anthropological push until Franz Boas, B-O-A-S, argued in favor of cultural relativism in the early part of the 20th century, and then it became a kind of, um, biblical tablet.

You know, differences can lead to massive conflicts.

I just read in the newspaper this morning that there's a, a rural village in England where people are discussing seceding from, that is leaving the country of the United Kingdom.

They had been brought from Greenland by explorer Robert E. Perry.

Anthropologist Franz Boas had suggested inviting a single Inuk back to New York for the winter to collect information of the greatest scientific importance.

But for reasons known only to Perry, he brought back six.

plus barrels full of bones stolen from Inuit graves.

He also dropped out of school at 14, so let that be a lesson.

Stay in school, kids.

Even anthropologist Franz Boas, who argued that no culture or group of people is better than another, felt digging up native remains was necessary to uncover what humans had in common.

In 1888, he wrote in his diary,

But Zora wasn't interested in simply assimilating into the Ivy Leagues.

At Bernard and Columbia, she became the star people of Franz Boas, the father of modern American anthropology.

Boas introduced her to the paradigm of cultural relativism, the revolutionary idea that cultures shouldn't be judged on a Eurocentric ladder where Western civilizations sits at the top and everyone else is scrambling up the rungs.

took that scientific framework, combined it with her native understanding of the rural South, and created an entirely new genre, literary anthropology.