Maybe you could tell us a bit more about how gender influenced the trajectories of these people and particularly maybe the story of one of the women in your book.

Absolutely.

So there are two chapters that are specifically dedicated to specific groups among the hemigre neuroscientists, broadly understood.

Chapter six is looking at the question of age, arriving old versus arriving young.

And chapter eight is about women, gender, and the academic workforce in the neurosciences.

Although Germany was generally very late in comparison to Switzerland and, interestingly enough, Turkey and Europe in allowing females to study at medical schools, During the Weimar period, a lot of catching up was in fact done, and numbers based on Johanna Blecker's pioneering work on women education in the 1920s and 1930s are supporting that by the end of the 1920s, around 30% of the medical doctors were now females trained at German-speaking medical schools.

which is quite a strong sub-cohort when one thinks generally about the field of emigre physicians and medical scientists in neuroscience.

And maybe you can tell us a bit more about how this process unfolded, including through return migration after the war.

Maybe you could tell us a bit more about how gender influenced the trajectories of these people and particularly maybe the story of one of the women in your book.

Absolutely.

So there is two chapters that are specifically dedicated to specific groups among the emigre neuroscientists, broadly understood.

Chapter six is looking at the question of age, arriving old versus arriving young.

And chapter eight is about women, gender, and the academic workforce in the neurosciences.

Although Germany was generally very late in comparison to Switzerland and interestingly enough Turkey and Europe in allowing females to study at medical schools, During the Weimar period, a lot of catching up was in fact done, and numbers based on Johanna Blecker's pioneering work on women education in the 1920s and 1930s are supporting that by the end of the 1920s, around 30% of the medical doctors were now females trained at German-speaking medical schools.

which is quite a strong sub-cohort when one thinks generally about the field of emigre physicians and medical scientists in neuroscience.

And maybe you can tell us a bit more about how this process unfolded, including through return migration after the war.

So, um, I was wondering whether you could speak a bit more about the structural barriers that these people experienced, how they overcame them, and how their experiences compare to the challenges faced by other highly educated professionals from the same cohort, including, you know, medical doctors in other specializations.

Yes.

Um, that's a very important question, and it, uh, certainly breaks down into a myriad of sub-questions, um, not only of academic interest, of day-to-day, um, reality, um, to these individuals, and that's not too different from, um, forced migrants these days, uh, whether out of political or an environmental or gender reasons.

Um, um, you name those reasons, um, and they will run into all of these challenges.

On a structural level, I think, um, what, um, immediately comes to mind were, um, administrative, um, problems.

The introduction of affidavits in, um, the United States, for example.

The introduction of, uh, quota systems so that only so many could arrive in a given year, and that would, uh, mean a certain form of competition with other non-academic, um, uh, forced migrants at the time.

Mm-hmm.

Maybe you could tell us a bit more about how gender influenced the trajectories of these people, and particularly maybe the story of one of the women in your book.

Absolutely.

So there are two chapters that are specifically dedicated to specific groups among the emigre neuroscientists, broadly understood.

Chapter six is looking at the question of age, arriving old versus arriving young.

And chapter eight is about women, gender, and the academic workforce in the neurosciences.

Although Germany was generally very late in comparison to Switzerland and, interestingly enough, Turkey and Europe in allowing females to study at medical schools, During the Weimar period, a lot of catching up was in fact done, and numbers based on Johanna Blecker's pioneering work on women education in the 1920s and 1930s are supporting that by the end of the 1920s, around 30% of the medical doctors were now females trained at German-speaking medical schools.

which is quite a strong sub-cohort when one thinks generally about the field of emigre physicians and medical scientists in neuroscience.

And maybe you can tell us a bit more about how this process unfolded, including through return migration after the war.

Maybe you could tell us a bit more about how gender influenced the trajectories of these people, and particularly maybe the story of one of the women in your book.

Absolutely.

So there is two chapters that are specifically dedicated to specific groups among the emigre neuroscientists, broadly understood.

Chapter six is looking at the question of age, arriving old versus arriving young.

And chapter eight is about women, gender, and the academic workforce in the neurosciences.

Although Germany was generally very late in comparison to Switzerland and interestingly enough Turkey and Europe in allowing females to study at medical schools, During the Weimar period, a lot of catching up was in fact done, and numbers based on Johanna Blecker's pioneering work on women education in the 1920s and 1930s are supporting that by the end of the 1920s, around 30% of the medical doctors were now females trained at German-speaking medical schools.

which is quite a strong sub-cohort when one thinks generally about the field of emigre physicians and medical scientists in neuroscience.

And maybe you can tell us a bit more about how this process unfolded, including through return migration after the war.