Ferruccio Parri

Um, [clears throat] at, uh, De Gasperi first, uh, became a minister without portfolio in a government led by Ivan Bonomi.

Um, later, um, in Ferruccio Parri's cabinet, he became the Minister of Foreign Affairs, and that's kind of when, [snorts] that's kind of when these ideas he'd been cultivating, like, got wide sort of circulation.

You know, and in my opinion, he was always a more kind of thoughtful individual than Adenauer.

I think of Adenauer as kind of like a great proverbial horse trader and, um, like, literally, like, an incredibly, like, skilled politician, but I-- There was, there was no real vision there, like good or bad.

The urgent work of reconstruction left little room for settling scores with former allies.

Ferruccio Parri, the partisan commander who led Italy's first post-war government, captured this in an article he wrote in 1949.

He acknowledged a fundamental disharmony of vision from the start.

The Allies would have preferred small sabotage groups, while the Italian resistance insisted on a national insurrection.