EU-US Privacy Shield

In June 2013, Snowden revealed that the NSA was conducting mass surveillance of internet traffic, including European citizens' data processed through American servers.

The European Court of Justice struck down Safe Harbor and then Privacy Shield.

GDPR The regulation Rubio's cable now calls unnecessarily burdensome was built in direct institutional response to the revelation that American access to European data was not a commercial arrangement.

It was a surveillance operation.