I don't know if Eric wants to speak to that.

That is actually one of the things that is exciting me the most, even though both Paola and I agree this is early data.

So we were able to look at a subset of the people who actually had...

So we had sort of a pseudo-placebo control.

That is a group of people who got the sensei and did not do the training.

So we could measure that group over a period of time, and we could measure the people who actually... underwent some level of training using the sensei helmet, or I don't know what you call it, Paola.

Headset.

Eric, you've taken the brain years assessment yourself, right? So what was the experience like and what did you learn personally? And did anything in the results surprise you?

So NAD, taking NAD helpful or not helpful? Because I think that we have to talk about taking NAD as a supplement, as a separate, actually more nuanced research you're looking into, right?

My lab and many other labs showed that NAD levels decreased during aging.

So the question is, first, why? And second, can we correct it? The field...

jumped on the first solution, which was to provide precursors to NAD.

So you can make NAD in multiple ways.

One is from amino acid, tryptophan, or also from some vitamin and niacin.

But we know that these processes are not rate limiting.

I'd like to speak a little bit about metformin before moving into GLP-1s.

Mm-hmm.

But I also have my own lab, uh, and I focus on understanding the role of the immune system.

The immune system seems to be one of the few organs, along with the central nervous system, that play a dominant role in aging.

And so there's evidence, for example, that if you, if you have a lesion only in the immune system, this will cause aging in the whole organism.

Uh, and this is true also for the central nervous system.

The other thing is aging in the immune system I think has not received the attention that it requires, and this was highlighted during the pandemic-

Right.

Now, there is something that happens when we are born, is that we're not being, um, as old as our parents were.

Let's start with, like, why, why are mitochondria and cellular energy so important to aging?

The big reason that everyone, uh, knows is the... or most people agree on, is the energy, energy requirement.

So everything that we do is dependent on energy.

What people think about, um, moving your arms, thinking, uh, everything that we do is depending on generating energy.

Typically, we get that energy from our food, okay? So we're able to extract energy from the food.

The place where that energy conversion happens is in the mitochondria, okay? Most of your, our energy generation happens in the mitochondria.

We also know that as we age...

Pr-

All of those things are gonna happen regardless.

Exactly.

Yeah.

And that's in contrast to the adaptive immune system, because once the initial response has been generated, either via an infection or a vaccination, this is what a vaccination is, it presents you with a given fraction or the whole virus or a part of it, your body will mount a response and this will lead to the amplification of a subset of cells that are selective.

So think about your T-cells or your B-cells, none of them are the same.

We have a process by which we generate so-called diversity, which is billions of different forms of antibodies or T-cell receptors that are recognizing, in principle, every chemical structure, every protein from a microorganism.

Now, what happens during the initial encounter, either being a vaccination or an infection, is those B-cells or those T-cells that have a receptor that is able to recognize the pathogen will become amplified, and they will turn out large amount of the antibody or the T-cell clones.

Anytime electrons need to move around.