Electron transport chain

That's the goal of these cy- these, these steps.

Eventually, they end up in the electron transport chain, where that electron kind of moves through it to get to its eventual home of oxygen.

Um, that oxygen is what's gonna help create this reactive oxygen species.

So I'm not sure if within the TCA there's gonna be much light generation.

Mm

... that gets through down to the axon and, and onto the next cell.

Um, and if we take that same analogy and kind of apply it to mitochondria, with that electron flow in the electron transport chain, where's the pattern? Is that the pattern that we should be looking at? I'm not sure if anyone's looked into this, and I think those are the types of things that people kind of should reframe in terms of dynamics.

So we're not just measuring the number of ATP that may get made.

As it turns out, neither process generates much of an energy payoff, but the NADH and FADH2 that were generated in the citric acid cycle move on to oxidative phosphorylation, which generates by far the most ATP out of these pathways.

This pathway utilizes an electron transport chain, which is a series of mitochondrial membrane proteins that sit in the inner membrane of the mitochondrion, and we refer to these as protein complexes one through four.

These proteins bear a variety of prosthetic groups, which are non-protein components that give the protein its functionality, including flavin mononucleotides and cytochromes.

There is also one compound in the electron transport chain that is not a protein, and that's ubiquinone, a small hydrophobic molecule that is mobile within the membrane, and it is also known as coenzyme Q, or CoQ.

Once NADH feeds electrons into the first component of complex one, these proteins facilitate a series of redox reactions, shuttling the electrons downhill from one component to another, with each structure down the chain having a higher affinity for electrons than the last.

This process does not generate ATP directly, but a byproduct of this series of electron transfers is the generation of a proton gradient across the membrane.

So in summary, your body uses a variety of metabolic pathways.

Glycolysis, the most ancient, produces two ATPs per glucose, but it also results in pyruvate, which can enter the citric acid cycle.

But what I ask people is, well, where is the inflammation coming from? Because 99% of chronic diseases are due to inflammation in the mitochondria.

But where's the inflammation coming from? And so the inflammation, through my research, I have found is coming from something called the electron transport chain, which is actually where the actual cellular energy is created within the mitochondria.

People are... becoming more familiar with mitochondria.

But what is it in the mitochondria that's making all that ATP? And what is it that's causing all that inflammation? And what makes all that energy is this thing called the electron transport chain.

And the thing that causes all the inflammation is when the electron transport chain gets damaged.

And the nutrients found mostly in spirulina, but also chlorella, restore and protect the electron transport chain.

And so now with the electron transport chain is working, you're not going to have as much inflammation.

You're not going to need NAD.

Each glucose produces two spins of the cycle, so two more ATP are made, eight NAD buses are filled, two FAD buses are filled, and our glucose turns to ash a little at a time in the form of CO2.

NAD and FAD carriers then move to the electron transport chain, where electrons pass through proteins, releasing energy to pump hydrogen ions and create a gradient.

ATP synthase uses this gradient to produce ATP in oxidative phosphorylation.

Oxygen is the final electron acceptor forming water.

Now, these two steps of metabolism, Krebs cycle and electron transport chain, are coupled.

The first part gathers the electrons, and the second part offloads them and captures the energy.

Up to 38 ATP can be produced per glucose in aerobic respiration.

In aerobic respiration, the Krebs cycle comes next and generates NAD and FAD buses while releasing CO2.

Think of sunlight as an energy boost that powers up an electron.

Those energized electrons enter an electron transport chain, or ETC, a series of proteins embedded in the thylakoid membrane that transfer electrons from one molecule to another.

Here's where the chemistry gets interesting.

Water molecules, H2O, are split.

Folks, what we're saying here is that the infrared light that comes from the sun and its particular area, band, if you will, is able to penetrate deeply into our body, is able to affect the mitochondria in ways that change the arrangements of where these electrons are actually being transferred so that they could be transferred more easily in some cases, and sometimes less easily.

So in other words, it modulates the electron transfer in the mitochondria and the electron transport chain.

And because of that, with certain exposure to infrared light, we can get actual improvement in metabolism, which is very important, especially when it comes to aging, survival, and other medical issues.

Let's dive in to exactly what we're talking about.

And they go through, in terms of pyruvate, fatty acids, amino acids, they go into the citric acid cycle where they go around and around and they produce these high energy electrons called NADH, FADH2, and also GTP.

It is from these high energy electrons that will eventually make ATP, which is over here.

How do we do that though? We have to go to something called the electron transport chain.

And this is where we're going to be spending the rest of the talk because this is where the rate limiting step is.

So, indeed, NAD is an essential coenzyme primarily regarded for its use in redox, reduction oxidation reactions.

And of course, those reactions are intimately linked via the ETC, OXFOS, to mitochondrial ATP synthesis.

Now, while NAD is not permeable

by itself, NAM, on the other hand, nicotinamide mononucleotide, direct product, will readily cross the plasma membrane.

It has a unique mechanism of action.

Again, another compound, does a lot of cool stuff, has a lot of great benefit, but specifically has some awesome benefit in terms of mitochondrial function and helping move things along that electron transport chain.

Yeah, so methylene blue is an antioxidant, and when it comes to the mitochondria, it actually provides the fuel or electrons for the energy to basically be processed down the line of that electron transport chain.

And so why that's important is that if there are areas that are damaged or missing, the methylene blue can help bypass those damaged areas.

And so works in conjunction with that SS31.

So then you end up with a dysfunctional complex four.

And that dysfunctional complex four that remember is the terminal oxidase, cyclops oxidase, the electron transport chain is the last complex of the ETC.

And that, by the way, that gene, That's encoded by the nucleus.

So the protein has to be trapped in the mitochondria for this to work.

They directly regulate those microRNAs ATP synthesis because they are targeting and therefore diminishing the expression of many of the other nuclear genes that nevertheless play a role in mitochondrial electron transport activity.

Now, why is that such a significant thing? Well, if you didn't know it, the mitochondria has its own genome.

So yes, most of the mitochondrial genes are used in the mitochondrial activity, including ETC and oxidative phosphorylation and transporters and whatnot.

But many of the other proteins still necessary for the mitochondrial function are now found in the nucleus.