Department of Telecommunications of New Delhi

The TMZ clusters PCB fabricators, molding units, and optical component makers around anchor OEMs, and it also includes a proposed Rs.

500 crore shared testing lab funded by the Department of Telecommunications.

So, telecom hardware needs rigorous certification before it can be deployed, and the labs that do this testing cost crores to build.

most smaller manufacturers cannot afford their own, which keeps them locked out of the supply chain.

So let's start with TRAI's rejected proposal.

So when the Department of Telecommunications, or DoT, asked TRAI to reconsider the extra annual charge for each urban subscriber, TRAI defended its original proposal with some economics.

Take a company earning thousand rupees a month from an urban customer.

So under TRAI's proposal, the 4% spectrum charge would cost 40 rupees a month, while the existing fixed urban fee would add another 42 rupees or so.