Clément Marot

The Duke, having summoned one of his gentlemen, Monsieur de Chandonnier, instructed him to bid farewell on his part to all his servants, and to thank them for their services, telling them that he had no longer strength to see them.

he asked god aloud to forgive his sins received the extreme unction from the bishop of lisieux and raising his eyes to heaven said jesus and expired whilst tending her dying husband margaret was also deeply concerned as to the fate of her captive brother for whom she always evinced the warmest affection indeed so close were the ties uniting louise of savoy and her two children that they were habitually called the trinity as clement marot and margaret have recorded in their poems in this trinity francis occupied the highest place his mother called him her caesar and triumphant hero while his sister absolutely reverenced him and was ever ready to do his bidding thus the intelligence that he was wounded and a prisoner threw them into consternation and they were yet undecided how to act when they received that famous epistle in which francis wrote not the legendary words all is lost save honour but of all things there have remained to me but honour and life which is safe after begging his mother and sister to face the extremity by employing their customary prudence the king commended his children to their care and expressed the hope that god would not abandon him this missive revived the courage of the regent and margaret for shortly afterwards we find the latter writing to francis your letter has had such an effect upon the health of madame louise and of all those who love you that it has been to us as a holy ghost after the agony of the passion madame has felt so great a renewal of strength that whilst day and evening last not a moment is lost over your business, so that you need have no grief or care about your kingdom and children.

Louise of Savoy was indeed now displaying courage and ability.

News shortly arrived that the king had been transferred to Madrid, and that Charles demanded most onerous conditions for the release of his prisoner.

Margaret's religious views frequently caused dissension between her and her husband, in whose presence she abstained from giving expression to them.

Hilarion de Coste mentions that King Henry, having one day been informed that a form of prayer and instruction contrary to that of his father's was held in the chamber of the Queen, his wife, entered it intending to chastise the minister and finding that he had been hurried away the remains of his anger fell upon his wife who received a blow from him he remarking madam you want to know too much about it and he at once sent word of the matter to king francis it was at nerac that most of the divines protected by margaret found a refuge from the persecutions of the sorbonne here she kept court in a castle of which there now only remains a vaulted fifteenth-century gallery formerly belonging to the northern wing nerac has however retained intact a couple of quaint mediaeval bridges which margaret must have ofttimes crossed in her many journeyings Moreover, the townsfolk still point out the so-called Palace of Marianne, said to have been built by Margaret's husband for one of his mistresses, and also the old royal baths, which the Queen no doubt frequented.

It was at the castle of Neerak that Margaret's favourite protégé, the Venerable Lefebvre de Tarpel, died at the age of 101. in the presence of his patroness to whom before expiring he declared that he had never known a woman carnally in his life however he regretfully added that in his estimation he had been guilty of a greater sin for he had neglected to lay down his life for his faith another partisan of the reform gerard roussel whom margaret had almost snatched from the stake and appointed bishop of oleron had no occasion to express any such regret his own flock speedily espoused the doctrines of the reformation but when he proceeded to moleon and tried to preach there the basques refused to listen to him and hacked the pulpit to pieces the bishop being precipitated upon the flagstones and so grievously injured that he died beside the divines who sought an asylum at nerac there were various noted men of letters foremost among whom we may class the queen's two secretaries clement marot the poet and peter le masson the translator of boccaccio's decameron this translation was undertaken at the queen's request as le masson states in his dedication to her and it has always been considered one of the most able literary works of the period with marot and le masson but in the more humble capacity of valet at the yearly wages of one hundred and ten livres there came the gay bonaventure d'espirier the author of les other writers such as jean frotte john de la haye and gabriel chapuis were also among margaret's retainers she herself had long practised the writing of verses It was in 1531, and at Alençon, that she issued her first volume of poems, the Miroir de l'âme pécheresse, which created a great stir at the time, for when it was reissued in Paris by Augereau in 1533, the Sorbonne denounced it as unorthodox, and Margaret would have been branded as a heretic if Francis had not intervened, and ordered the rector of the Sorbonne to withdraw the decree, censuring his sister's work.

Nor did that content the king, for he caused Noel Beda, the syndic of the Faculty of Theology, to be arrested and confined in a dungeon at Mont Saint-Michel, where he perished miserably.

But his genius was marred by his immoderate and bitter temper, which caused him to imagine that the gentle banter and jocular remarks of his acquaintances were insults to be repaid by angry invective and bitter sarcasm, with which his writings abound.

Clément Marot was one of the most famous of early French poets, and the creator of the school of naive poetry in which La Fontaine afterwards so remarkably excelled.

His poetical version of the Psalms was read and sung in many lands, and in spite of prohibition, copies could not be printed so fast as they were eagerly bought.

They were at one time as popular in the court of Henry II of France as they were amongst the Calvinists of Geneva and Holland.

Therein it is recorded that he presented the copy to the chancellor with the request that he might be released from prison, where he had been placed on account of this work.

The reasons given for its condemnation are various.

Some state that the author, a friend of Clément Marot, intended to preach by the use of allegories the reformed religion.

Others say that it was directed against the manners and conduct of some members of the court.

Frischlin was considered one of the best Latin poets of post-classical times, but his genius was marred by his immoderate and bitter temper, which caused him to imagine that the gentle banter and jocular remarks of his acquaintances were insults to be repaid by angry invective and bitter sarcasm with which his writings abound.

Clément Marot was one of the most famous of early French poets and the creator of the school of naïve poetry in which La Fontaine afterwards so remarkably excelled.

His poetical version of the Psalms was read and sung in many lands, and in spite of prohibition, copies could not be printed so fast as they were eagerly bought.

They were at one time as popular in the court of Henry II of France as they were amongst the Calvinists of Geneva and Holland.

Therein it is recorded that he presented the copy to the Chancellor with the request that he might be released from prison, where he had been placed on account of this work.

The reasons given for its condemnation are various.

Some state that the author, a friend of Clement Marot, intended to preach by the use of allegories the reformed religion.

Others say that it was directed against the manners and conduct of some members of the court.

Frischlin was considered one of the best Latin poets of post-classical times, but his genius was marred by his immoderate and bitter temper, which caused him to imagine that the gentle banter and jocular remarks of his acquaintances were insults to be repaid by angry invective and bitter sarcasm with which his writings abound.

Clément Marot was one of the most famous of early French poets and the creator of the school of naïve poetry in which La Fontaine afterwards so remarkably excelled.

His poetical version of the Psalms was read and sung in many lands, and in spite of prohibition, copies could not be printed so fast as they were eagerly bought.

They were at one time as popular in the court of Henry II of France as they were amongst the Calvinists of Geneva and Holland.

Therein it is recorded that he presented the copy to the Chancellor with the request that he might be released from prison, where he had been placed on account of this work.

The reasons given for its condemnation are various.

Some state that the author, a friend of Clément Marot, intended to preach by the use of allegories the reformed religion.

Others say that it was directed against the manners and conduct of some members of the court.

Either course seemed impracticable, as the heir, Francis of Angoulême, was but a child, while the new king was already married to Jane, a daughter of Louis XI.

Brittany seemed lost to France, when Louis XII., by promising the duchy of valentinois to caesar borgia prevailed upon pope alexander the sixth to divorce him from his wife he then married anne of brittany while charles of alenon proceeded to perfect his knightly education pending other matrimonial arrangements in fifteen o seven when in his eighteenth year he accompanied the army which the king led against the genoese and conducted himself bravely displaying such courage indeed at the battle of agnedel gained over the venetians who were assailed after the submission of genoa that louis the twelfth bestowed upon him the order of st michael it was during this italian expedition that his mother negotiated his marriage with margaret of angouleme the alliance was openly countenanced by louis the twelfth and the young duke of valois as francis of angouleme was now called readily acceded to it margaret brought with her a dowry of sixty thousand livres payable in four instalments and charles who was on the point of attaining his twenty-first year was declared a major and placed in possession of his estates the marriage was solemnized at blois in october margaret did not find in her husband a mind comparable to her own differences of taste and temper brought about a certain amount of coolness which did not however hinder the duchess from fulfilling the duties of a faithful submissive wife in fact although but little sympathy would appear to have existed between the duke and duchess of alenon their domestic differences have at least been singularly exaggerated during the first five years of her married life margaret lived in somewhat retired style in her duchy of alenon while her husband took part in various expeditions and was invested with important functions in fifteen thirteen he fought in picardy against the english and imperialists commanded by henry the eighth being present at the famous battle of spurs and early in fifteen fourteen he was appointed lieutenant-general and governor of brittany margaret at this period was not only often separated from her husband but she also saw little of her mother who had retired to her duchy of angouleme louise of savoy as mother of the heir-presumptive was the object of the homage of all adroit and politic courtiers but she had to behave with circumspection on account of the jealousy of the queen anne of brittany whose daughters claude and rene were debarred by the salic law from inheriting the crown louis the twelfth wished to marry claude to francis of angoulme but anne refusing her consent it was only after her death in fifteen fourteen that the marriage was solemnized it now seemed certain that francis would in due course ascend the throne but louis the twelfth abruptly contracted a third alliance marrying mary of england the sister of henry the louise of savoy soon deemed it prudent to keep a watch on the conduct of this gay young queen and took up her residence at the court in november shortly afterwards louis the twelfth died of exhaustion as many had foreseen and the hopes of the duchess of angouleme were realized she knew the full extent of her empire over her son now francis i and felt both able and ready to exercise a like authority over the affairs of his kingdom the accession of francis gave a more important position to margaret and her husband the latter was already one of the leading personages of the state and new favors increased his power he did not address the king as your majesty says odolon de snos but styled him monseigneur or my lord and all the acts which he issued respecting his duchy of alenon began with the preamble charles by the grace of god francis had scarcely become king when he turned his eyes upon italy and appointing his mother as regent he set out with a large army a portion of which was commanded by the duke of alenon at the battle of marignano the troops of the latter formed the rear-guard and on perceiving that the swiss were preparing to surround the bulk of the french army charles marched against them overthrew them and by his skilful manoeuvres decided the issue of the second day's fight the conquest of the duchy of milan was the result of this victory and peace supervening the duke of alenon returned to france it was at this period that margaret began to keep a court which according to odalande desnos rivalled that of her brother we know that in fifteen seventeen she and her husband entertained the king with a series of magnificent ftes at their chateau of alenon which then combined both a palace and a fortress but little of the chteau now remains as after the damage done to it during the religious wars between fifteen sixty one and fifteen seventy two it was partially demolished by henry the fourth when he and biron captured it in still the lofty keep built by henry i of england subsisted intact till in seventeen fifteen it was damaged by fire and finally in seventeen eighty seven raised to the ground the old pile was yet in all its splendour in fifteen seventeen when francis i was entertained there with jousts and tournaments at these gay gatherings margaret appeared apparelled in keeping with her brother's love of display for like all princesses she clothed herself on important occasions in sumptuous garments but in everyday life she was very simple despising the vulgar plan of impressing the crowd by magnificence and splendor in a portrait executed about this period her dark-colored dress is surmounted by a wimple with a double collar and her head covered with a cap in the bernese style this portrait tends like those of a later date to the belief that margaret's beauty so celebrated by the poets of her time consisted mainly in the nobility of her bearing and the sweetness and liveliness spread over her features her eyes nose and mouth were very large but although she had been violently attacked with small-pox while still young she had been spared the traces which this cruel illness so often left in those days and she even preserved the freshness of her complexion until late in life referring to this subject she says in one of her letters you can tell it to the count and countess of vertu whom you will go and visit on my behalf and say to the countess that i am sorely vexed that she has this loathsome illness however i had it as severely as ever was known and if it be that she has caught it as i have been told i should like to be near her to preserve her complexion and do for her what i did for myself jeannin's lettre de marguerite d'angouleme paris eighteen forty one page three seventy four and foot like her brother whom she greatly resembled she was very tall her gait was solemn but the dignified air of her person was tempered by extreme affability and a lively humour which never left her sainte-marthe says on this subject for in her face in her gestures in her walk in her words in all that she did and said a royal gravity made itself so manifest and apparent that one saw i know not what of majesty which compelled every one to revere and dread her in seeing her kindly receive every one refuse no one and patiently listen to all you would have promised yourself easy and facile access to her but if she cast eyes upon you there was in her face i know not what of gravity which made you so astounded that you no longer had power i do not say to walk a step but even to stir a foot to approach her and quote au raison funbre etc page fifty three and footnote francis i did not allow the magnificent reception accorded to him at alenon to pass unrewarded he presented his sister with the duchy of berry where she henceforward exercised temporal control though she does not appear to have ever resided there for any length of time in fifteen twenty one when her husband started to the relief of chevalier bayard attacked in migeres by the imperial troops she repaired to meaux with her mother so as to be near to the duke whilst sojourning there she improved her acquaintance with the bishop william brissonnet who had gathered round him gerard roussel michel deronde lefevre d'eteples and other celebrated disciples of the reformation the effect of luther's preaching had scarcely reached france before margaret had begun to manifest great interest in the movement and had engaged in a long correspondence with brissonnet which is still extant historians are at variance as to whether margaret ever really contemplated a change of religion or whether the protection she extended to the reformers was simply dictated by a natural feeling of compassion and a horror of persecution it has been contended that she really meditated a change of faith and even attempted to convert her mother and brother and this view is borne out by some passages in the letters which she wrote to bishop brissonnet after spending the winter of fifteen twenty one at meaux whilst she was sojourning there her husband having contributed to the relief of miger joined the king who was then encamped at fervaques on the somme and preparing to invade hainault it was at this juncture that clement marot the poet who after being attached to the person of anne of brittany had become a hanger-on at the court of francis i applied to margaret to take him into her service shortly afterwards we find him furnishing her with information respecting the royal army which had entered hainault and was fighting there l'anglais du freynois in his edition of marot's works originated the theory that the numerous poems composed by marot in honor of margaret supply proofs of an amorous intrigue between the pair other authorities have endorsed this view but m leroux de lancy asserts that in the pieces referred to and others in which marot incidentally speaks of margaret he can find no trace either of the fancy ascribed to her for the poet or of the passion which the latter may have felt for her like all those who surrounded the duchess of alenon marot he remarks exalted her beauty art and talent to the clouds but whenever it is to her that his verses are directly addressed he does not depart from the respect he owes to her to give some likelihood to his conjectures langlet du freynois had to suppose that marot addressed margaret in certain verses which were not intended for her in the epistles previously mentioned and in several short pieces rondeaus epigrams new year's addresses and epitaphs really written to or for the sister of francis i one only finds respectful praise such as the humble courtier may fittingly offer to his patroness there is nothing whatever adds m leroux de launcey to promote the suspicion that a passion either unfortunate or favored inspired a single one of these compositions the campaign in which francis i was engaged at the time when marot's connection with margaret began and concerning which the poet supplied her with information was destined to influence the whole reign since it furnished the occasion of the first open quarrel between francis i and the companion of his childhood charles de bourbon count of montpensier and constable of france yielding too readily on this occasion to the persuasions of his mother francis intrusted to margaret's husband the command of the vanguard a post which the constable considered his own by virtue of his office he felt mortally offended at the preference given to the duke of alengon and from that day forward he and francis were enemies for ever whilst the king was secretly jealous of bourbon who was one of the handsomest richest and bravest men in the kingdom louise of savoy although forty-four years of age was in love with him the constable then thirty-two had lost his wife suzanne de bourbon from whom he had inherited vast possessions to these louise of savoy finding her passion disregarded laid claim as being a nearer relative of the deceased a marriage as chancellor dupras suggested would have served to reconcile the parties but the constable having rejected the proposed alliance with disdain so it is said the suit was brought before the parliament and decided in favor of louise Such satisfaction as she may have felt was not, however, of long duration, for Charles de Bourbon left France, entered the service of Charles V, and in the following year, 1524, helped to drive the French under Bonivet out of Italy.

End of section 1

Section 2 of the Heptameron of the Tales of Margaret, Queen of Navarre, Volume 1. margaret of agoulme queen of navarre part two the most memorable events of margaret's public life date from this period francis who was determined to reconquer the milanese at once made preparations for a new campaign Louise of Savoy was again appointed regent of the kingdom, and as Francis's wife, Claude, was dying of consumption, the royal children were confined to the care of Margaret, whose husband accompanied the army.

The Duchess refused to follow her mother, and embracing her dying husband, showed him the crucifix placed before his eyes.

The Duke, having summoned one of his gentlemen, Monsieur de Chandonnier, instructed him to bid farewell on his part to all his servants, and to thank them for their services, telling them that he had no longer strength to see them.

he asked god aloud to forgive his sins received the extreme unction from the bishop of lisieux and raising his eyes to heaven said jesus and expired whilst tending her dying husband margaret was also deeply concerned as to the fate of her captive brother for whom she always evinced the warmest affection indeed so close were the ties uniting louise of savoy and her two children that they were habitually called the trinity as clement marot and margaret have recorded in their poems in this trinity francis occupied the highest place his mother called him her caesar and triumphant hero while his sister absolutely reverenced him and was ever ready to do his bidding thus the intelligence that he was wounded and a prisoner threw them into consternation and they were yet undecided how to act when they received that famous epistle in which francis wrote not the legendary words all is lost save honour but of all things there have remained to me but honour and life which is safe after begging his mother and sister to face the extremity by employing their customary prudence The king commended his children to their care, and expressed the hope that God would not abandon him.

This missive revived the courage of the regent and Margaret, for shortly afterwards we find the latter writing to Francis, Your letter has had such an effect upon the health of Madame Louise, and of all those who love you, that it has been to us as a holy ghost after the agony of the passion.

Whilst she was sojourning there, her husband, having contributed to the relief of Migere, joined the king, who was then encamped at Fervac on the Somme and preparing to invade Hainaut.

It was at this juncture that Clement Marot, the poet, who, after being attached to the person of Anne of Brittany, had become a hanger-on at the court of Francis I, applied to Margaret to take him into her service.

Shortly afterwards, we find him furnishing her with information respecting the royal army, which had entered Hainaut and was fighting there.

Langlais Dufresnoy, in his edition of Marot's works, originated the theory that the numerous poems composed by Marot in honor of Margaret supply proofs of an amorous intrigue between the pair.

Other authorities have endorsed this view, but M. Leroux de Lancy asserts that in the pieces referred to and others in which Marot incidentally speaks of Margaret, he can find no trace either of the fancy ascribed to her for the poet or of the passion which the latter may have felt for her.

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In the epistles previously mentioned, and in several short pieces, rondeaux, epigrams, New Year's addresses, and epitaphs, really written to or for the sister of Francis I, one only finds respectful praise, such as the humble courtier may fittingly offer to his patroness.

The effect of Luther's preaching had scarcely reached France before Margaret had begun to manifest great interest in the movement.

and had engaged in a long correspondence with brissonnet which is still extant historians are at variance as to whether margaret ever really contemplated a change of religion or whether the protection she extended to the reformers was simply dictated by a natural feeling of compassion and a horror of persecution it has been contended that she really meditated a change of faith and even attempted to convert her mother and brother and this view is borne out by some passages in the letters which she wrote to bishop brissonnet after spending the winter of fifteen twenty one at meaux whilst she was sojourning there her husband having contributed to the relief of migeres joined the king who was then encamped at fervaques on the somme and preparing to invade hainault it was at this juncture that clement marot the poet who after being attached to the person of anne of brittany had become a hanger-on at the court of francis i applied to margaret to take him into her service shortly afterwards we find him furnishing her with information respecting the royal army which had entered hainault and was fighting there l'anglais du freynois in his edition of marot's works originated the theory that the numerous poems composed by marot in honor of margaret supply proofs of an amorous intrigue between the pair other authorities have endorsed this view but m leroux de lancy asserts that in the pieces referred to and others in which marot incidentally speaks of margaret he can find no trace either of the fancy ascribed to her for the poet or of the passion which the latter may have felt for her

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like all those who surrounded the duchess of alenon marot he remarks exalted her beauty art and talent to the clouds but whenever it is to her that his verses are directly addressed he does not depart from the respect he owes to her to give some likelihood to his conjectures l'anglais du freynois had to suppose that marot addressed margaret in certain verses which were not intended for her in the epistles previously mentioned and in several short pieces rondeaus epigrams new year's addresses and epitaphs really written to or for the sister of francis i one only finds respectful praise such as the humble courtier may fittingly offer to his patroness there is nothing whatever adds m leroux de launcy to promote the suspicion that a passion either unfortunate or favored inspired a single one of these compositions the campaign in which francis i was engaged at the time when marot's connection with margaret began and concerning which the poet supplied her with information was destined to influence the whole reign since it furnished the occasion of the first open quarrel between francis i and the companion of his childhood charles de bourbon count of montpensier and constable of france yielding too readily on this occasion to the persuasions of his mother francis intrusted to margaret's husband the command of the vanguard a post which the constable considered his own by virtue of his office he felt mortally offended at the preference given to the duke of alenon and from that day forward he and francis were enemies for ever whilst the king was secretly jealous of bourbon who was one of the handsomest richest and bravest men in the kingdom louise of savoy although forty-four years of age was in love with him the constable then thirty-two had lost his wife suzanne de bourbon from whom he had inherited vast possessions to these louise of savoy finding her passion disregarded laid claim as being a nearer relative of the deceased a marriage as chancellor dupras suggested would have served to reconcile the parties but the constable having rejected the proposed alliance with disdain so it is said the suit was brought before the parliament and decided in favor of louise such satisfaction as she may have felt was not however of long duration for charles de bourbon left france entered the service of charles v and in the following year fifteen twenty four helped to drive the french under bonivet out of italy End of Section 1

Section 2 of the Heptameron of the Tales of Margaret, Queen of Navarre, Volume 1. margaret of agulheim queen of navarre part two the most memorable events of margaret's public life date from this period francis who was determined to reconquer the milanese at once made preparations for a new campaign Louise of Savoy was again appointed regent of the kingdom, and as Francis's wife, Claude, was dying of consumption, the royal children were confined to the care of Margaret, whose husband accompanied the army.

These oftentimes have been incorrect and unillustrated.

Perhaps the best example of this class is the article by Mr. Henry Morley, which appeared originally in Fraser's Magazine in eighteen fifty-three and later was published in his Clement Marot: And Other Studies in eighteen seventy-one.

The chief data for Vesalius' biography are to be found in his own writings, in the archives of the universities in which he taught, and in the controversial literature of the period.

Extensive as are these sources, they leave much to be desired.