Now, Well, the theory of interactive

proof says there's several results in it, but one of them, one of the most famous results, is that if Merlin and Arthur interact for just a polynomial amount of time, then Merlin can convince Arthur of the truth or falsity of any question that Arthur by himself would require polynomial space to solve.

In other words, something that appears to include exponentially harder problems, including most of those of interest to mathematical physicists.

Now, of course, it's an unrealistic model because it involves this character, Merlin, who is supposed to know everything, perhaps even the solution to the halting problem.

But just giving Arthur the opportunity to talk to him and ask him adaptive questions, where if he starts lying, Arthur will catch him within a polynomial amount of time.

That gives this much greater extra power.

And a more recent result in that field, which is connected to quantum computing, is, or at least quantum information processing, it's like teleportation, is that if instead of just one Merlin, You have two of them, and they are quantum Merlins.

Now, In