Chapter II

As the histories say, the cause of the revolution was taxation without representation.

End of chapter 1 CHAPTER II.

THE STAMP ACT.

One of the first things England did to raise money from the colonists was to issue the Stamp Act.

this paper the king ordered the colonists to use on all their government writing nothing so the king said would be considered of any value unless it was written on this stamped paper for example suppose a man owed another man a hundred dollars when he paid the debt the receipt would not be considered of any value unless it was written on this particular paper suppose a young man and maiden were to go before the minister to be married The marriage was not legal, so the king said, unless the minister did the writing, which was always given the married bride and groom, on this stamped paper.

Now, as the king had put a very high price upon this paper, you can see how, by compelling the American colonists to buy it, it was but one way of getting a heavy tax from them.

End of chapter 2 CHAPTER III.

BEHAVIOR OF THE COLONISTS The colonists all over the country were furious when this stamped paper was sent to them.

And so Canada was started on that road of constitutional development which has brought her to her present position as a self-governing unit in the British Empire.

CHAPTER II.

LOYALISM IN THE THIRTEEN COLONIES It was a remark of John Fiske that the American Revolution was merely a phase of English party politics in the eighteenth century, in this view there is undoubtedly an element of truth the revolution was a struggle with the british empire in which were aligned on one side the american whigs supported by the english whigs and on the other side the english tories supported by the american tories The leaders of the Whig Party in England, Charles James Fox, Edmund Burke, Colonel Berry, the great Chatham himself, all championed the cause of the American revolutionists in the English Parliament.

There were many cases of Whig officers in the English Army who refused to serve against the rebels in America.

this estimate he once mentioned in a letter to thomas mckean chief justice of pennsylvania who had signed the declaration of independence and had been a member of every continental congress from that of seventeen sixty five to the close of the revolution and mckean replied you say that about a third of the people of the colonies were against the revolution It required much reflection before I could fix my opinion on this subject.

But on mature deliberation I conclude you are right, and that more than a third of influential characters were against it.

CHAPTER III PERSECUTION OF THE LOYALISTS in the autumn of the year seventeen seventy nine an english poet writing in the seclusion of his garden at alney paid his respects to the american revolutionists in the following lines yon roaring boys who rave and fight on t'other side of the atlantic i always held them in the right but most so when most frantic when lawless mobs insult the court that man shall be my toast if breaking windows be the sport who bravely breaks the most but oh for him my fancy culls the choicest flowers she bears who constitutionally pulls your house about your ears when william cooper wrote those lines his sources of information with regard to affairs in america were probably slight but had he been writing at the seat of war he could not have touched off the treatment of the loyalists by the revolutionists with more effective irony there were two kinds of persecution to which the loyalists were subjected that which was perpetrated by lawless mobs and that which was carried out constitutionally it was at the hands of the mob that the loyalists first suffered persecution Probably the worst of the revolutionary mobs was that which paraded the streets of Boston.

In 1765, at the time of the Stamp Act agitation, large crowds in Boston attacked and destroyed the magnificent houses of Andrew Oliver and Thomas Hutchinson.

Those acquainted with the early history of the organ do not need to be told that to the mechanical genius of Tesebius of Alexandria about the year B.C. 260 is due the invention of the hydralis, the water forcing the wind through an inverted hollow base, on the top of which was a pipe or trumpet.

mr c f abd williams footnote story of the organ says that the hydrolis was the earliest known wind instrument not blown by the human lungs and he adds that the modern pneumatic organ is in reality a huge combination of the primitive pan-pipe and bag-pipe of course the development of the pipe in the direction of the syrinx does not concern us here but it is remarkable that the king of instruments should trace its origin to the same source as that of the bag-pipe namely the shepherd's reed the substitution of a bellows or wind-bag blown by the arm for the simple pipe blown by the mouth gave rise to the cornemuse musette sackpfeife zampogna zampogna and the irish willian pipes as will be seen in the following pages other names for the bag-pipe are pinyu lur cornemusa chevre chevret sacomuse piva givita and charamedla chapter one CHAPTER II.

BAGPIPES OF ANTIQUITY Ancient Egypt, the home of the arts, which is gradually yielding up its secrets to the explorers, seems to have had quite a number of wind instruments, including the bagpipe.

Miss Kathleen Schlesinger, in a paper on The Origin of the Organs of the Ancients, brings forward ample evidence to prove that the ancient Egyptians employed the bagpipe drone.

He says, ìThough we no longer worship God with the clamour of military instruments, such as the trumpet, drum, and pipe, but with peaceful words, this is our most delightful festivity.î some writers tell us that st augustine of hippo alludes to the bagpipe but this is not so as the instrument he writes about can only be the organ however the great st jerome makes a reference to the bagpipe proving the popularity of the instrument in his day this chapter may well conclude with a brief summary of the legend of the first christmas immortalized by the well-known drawing of the nativity from the master brush of albrecht the legend has it that on the never to be forgotten first christmas the shepherds who tended their flocks and saw the wondrous light heralding tidings of great joy played their bagpipes in the cave at bethlehem to express their jubilation on the birth of the infant saviour For the best account of Christmas and other carols, see The Story of the Carol by E. Duncan.

Probably Handel was influenced by this tradition when he composed the Pastoral Symphony to introduce the scene Shepherds Abiding in the Field, as he marked it Pifa, or Bagpipe Melody, indicating that it was played by Piferari.

The End of Chapter 2 CHAPTER III.

GREEK AND ROMAN BAGPIPES the very name askalos indicates that the skin pipe or bagpipe was of great antiquity among the greeks no doubt it was from egypt that the musical culture of greece was mainly derived the earliest double flutes and reed pipes used by these people were of egyptian origin as were also those of etruria naturally the monaulos was the simple pipe while the diaulos was the double pipe having a beating reed regarding the advanced state of greek music mr c f abd williams refers to a chorus from the orestes of euripides b c four hundred and he is of opinion that the performer extemporized a symphony or interlude at the close of each verse the greeks employed the alphabetic notations one for vocal music and the other for instrumental the former being written over the text whilst the latter was written under in fact the earliest existing work on music was by aristoxenus about b c three hundred being a rsum of his lectures at athens footnote dr burney gives a drawing of an ancient gem in which apollo is represented as walking with a lyre in his hand and a bagpipe slung over his shoulders footnote but although numerous references to pipes and double pipes are to be met with the first authority to definitely mention the bagpipe is dion chrysostomos a greek writer about the year a d one hundred the following quotation is convincing and they say that he is skilled to write to work as an artist and to play the pipe with his mouth on the bag placed under his armpits There is no mistaking the Greek words aulio and askos, and it has previously been explained that askalos or symphonia is the bagpipe, as we now understand it.

The Indians seem destined to become largely dependent upon the whites for their livelihood, and even for the few remnants of land to be left them for their homes.

End of chapter 1 CHAPTER II.

THE INDIANS IN WISCONSIN'S HISTORY.

few of us realize that the early history of wisconsin is as romantic as any of our eastern seaboard states can boast the area that is now the state of wisconsin became the gateway into the middle west and the meeting place for the french and the indian tribes of what was then regarded as the west this early period of french control was an era in which jesuit missionaries carried the doctrine of christianity from village to village often visiting tribes that had never before seen white men it was a time when the french traders lured by the love of adventure and romance as well as the wealth to be obtained in the fur trade pushed through the forests and followed strange rivers until they reached the villages of unknown wisconsin indians it was in these villages that such traders including the noblest youth of new france lived with the indians sat in their councils took part in their war dances accompanied their war parties to battle and often married their women it was in this early french regime that wisconsin's indian tribes underwent great changes in their manner of life due to contacts with the white man civilization it was a time of warfare and a struggle for supremacy in north america between the british and the french and their indian allies with wisconsin's tribes espoused to the cause of the french it was the heyday of the fur trade with literally millions of beaver and other skins being taken from wisconsin to enrich the trader and obtain white man's goods for the indians despite the fact that wisconsin's indians all lived in pretty much the same manner most of us are aware that there were different tribes in our state at various times and that they spoke different languages in some instances if we use a comparison from european languages we might better understand the character of these indian languages german english and swedish all originated from the same parent tongue and belong to the same basic language division english and chinese are unrelated tongues belonging to different basic language stocks thus while many words are very similar in english and german in english and chinese no apparent similarity exists three basic language divisions algonkian siouan and iroquoian were represented by wisconsin's indians algonkian was represented by such tribes as the menominee pottawatomie chippewa muscootin sauk fox ottawa and kickapoo relatively late arrivals to wisconsin in the eighteen hundreds also speaking algonkian tongues were the munsee brotherton and stockbridge tribes the siouan group included the winnebago and the santee division of the dakota sioux the huron and the oneida the latter also arriving in the eighteen hundreds were wisconsin representatives of the iroquoian language stock the differences become more apparent when we realize that languages in the iroquoian division would be as different from those in the algonkian stock as english is from chinese the historic period in wisconsin began when jean nicolet the first known white man to visit wisconsin landed near what is now green bay in sixteen thirty four nicolet's mission was to arrange a peace between the powerful winnebago tribe or puans as they were known to the french and the Ottawa, who were then acting as middlemen between the French and the Indians of the unknown Middle West.

The Wisconsin tribes, of whom many were hereditary enemies, only needed a spark to set them at one another's throats.

This led to trouble at Detroit, which resulted in the Bloody Fox Wars, long costly fighting for the French, which contributed much towards their final downfall in the New World.

End of chapter 2 CHAPTER III.

THE FOX WARS AND THE FALL OF NEW FRANCE events occurring in wisconsin during the first half of the eighteenth century were to bode little good for the french and were to contribute towards the final downfall of new france at the hands of the british for a good share of the years between seventeen o one and seventeen thirty eight the french were to be largely occupied with the attempt to subjugate the fox indians and their allies not only were the expeditions against the fox to prove costly to the french but the enmity of the fox required shiftings of trade routes as an inevitable result friction between the french and english traders developed since the fox at times blocked both the fox river in wisconsin and the illinois river to the french traders the determined resistance of the fox also prevented the fruition of french hopes to dominate the western tribes and influence them to espouse the french cause furthermore the difficulty experienced by the french military in conquering a relatively small group of wisconsin indians did little to further french prestige among other western tribes the first fox war was actually the result of the french concentration policy within a few years after the founding of detroit in seventeen o one by the sieur de cadillac there were almost six thousand indians in the vicinity of the fort the fox meanwhile determined to prevent the carrying of guns to their enemy the dakota sioux were halting french traders attempting to proceed up the fox river on their journey to the sioux country on the upper mississippi a french fort in the sioux country was also abandoned after the loss of several men due to attacks by the fox cadillac realizing the need for some measure to bring these warlike tribesmen under control in seventeen ten invited the fox along with the other tribes resident around green bay to come and reside near detroit at this crucial time when so much depended on the leadership of a frenchman experienced in handling the tribes cadillac probably the most capable colonial officer of the times was sent to louisiana as governor of that colony the new commandant at detroit had none of cadillac's ability with the indians the arrival of the fox and their allies the kickapoo sock and the scootin was the signal for trouble these tribesmen were feared as well as hated by the other indians about detroit after a band of muscootin were attacked by the ottawa near the st joseph river during the winter of seventeen eleven to seventeen twelve the fox in revenge immediately attacked the ottawa and huron at the detroit post the detroit commandant sided with the ottawa and huron and permitted them to seek refuge in the french fort shortly after the fox erected a stockade of their own and made preparations for a long fight the french and their allies were reinforced by a large band of illinois missouri osage pottawatomie and this greatly superior force laid siege to the fox fort and the latter soon offered to surrender the french and their indian supporters however were now determined to completely exterminate their enemies after a siege of nineteen days the fox attempted to escape by taking advantage of cover offered on a dark rainy night they were pursued overtaken and the great majority of them were slaughtered this was a victory for the french but a very costly one for the fox and their allies still had a great many warriors in the forests of wisconsin these in retaliation began a war of extermination against the allies of the french who had participated in the detroit massacre and the hunted tribesmen soon complained that their people were starving because they dared not hunt in the forests lest their men be slain by the vengeful fox the summer of seventeen sixteen saw the first white army ever to invade the forests of wisconsin the sieur de louvigny in may of that year left montreal with an army of several hundred french and a force of mission indians determined to compel the fox to sue for peace he arrived in wisconsin with his army augmented by western tribesmen and coureurs de bois who had been granted pardons for joining the expedition at their own expense with this total force amounting to about eight hundred men louvigny besieged the fortified fox village situated near little lake butimore while the french kept up a fire with two small cannon and a grenade mortar they sank a trench towards the fox fort determined to mine the place and blow it up The Fox surrendered after three days of fighting, and agreed to accept terms which Louvigny thought very severe, but which his Indian allies regarded as overmild.