Katu, can I come to you next?

Before the EU Directive on Combating Corruption came into force, the framework consisted of two older instruments, and these instruments were adopted under different legal bases compared to the new one, and both also covered different scopes.

They were designed to preserve the member states' sovereignty of their criminal law at a cost of the EU-level enforcement power.

As you know, the directive introduces several important measures, like requiring member states to establish anti-corruption bodies and adopt national anti-corruption strategies.

The new directive also strengthens jurisdiction rules.

Rather than relying on a fragmented set of national approaches, it establishes a more harmonized basis for member states to investigate and prosecute corruption, particularly where cross-border elements are involved.

By harmonizing the definitions of the different offenses, the directive also helps reduce inconsistencies in national legal frameworks, which currently vary hugely in, for example, how broadly they define a public official.

And what does the European Directive on Combating Corruption tell us about the direction of travel for international anti-bribery and corruption legislation more broadly? And what do you expect will be the next big development in this area? Katu, can I come to you again?