Caliphate

But generally, that's what happens.

The court was formally founded in 960 A.D. during the Caliphate era.

But working theory is that a similar practice dated back to the times of the Patromana and seemingly moved to local judges after Roman administration fell.

So I took a look back at this.

The basement of the cathedral, as you mentioned, that was pretty cool.

Kind of ties a neat little bow around that, yeah? I don't know if you agree or disagree, but the timeline seems to kind of add up here, right? So...

So back to 711 AD is, I guess, a dark day for the Gothic kingdom of Spain because the Caliphate invaded.

King Roderick meets them in battle and dies.

Um, they all, they all sound the same.

But [lip smacks] this is where we start seeing the Rashidun Caliphate as an Arab tribal confederation, and it's very important to understand the next several, several years, several decades, as the nascent caliphate being really a loose confederation of Arab tribes that are nominally held together by Islam, but-

Well

... no one really kn- Well, let me finish.

So then Omar, however, was smart enough to appoint a successor.

Omar decides to appoint Uthman.

Who is Uthman? Uthman is the grandson of the Caliphate sharer we talked about, Abu Manaf, and he is an Umayyad, meaning he's a filthy merchant, a filthy, dirty merchant.

Um, and he-- One of the things he does is he reverses the practice of if you were Arab, you weren't allowed to buy land in places like Egypt because the goal was you're Arab, so, you know, going out and settling in other lands will corrupt your soul.

Much of what they recorded fortunately still survives in what scholars of Iranian history call the 9th century books, a collection of tomes that show the continued vitality of traditional Persian religion deep into the Islamic period.

And through the entire early history of the Caliphates, there were also the Hadiths.

From the 600s to the 900s, short narratives about the Prophet Muhammad flowed among the pious Muslims of three continents, circulating in oral transmission, then informal notebooks, then compilations organized by chains of transmitters, then topically structured compilations, and finally, at the end of the 8th century, six professionally vetted multi-volume anthologies that have been at the heart of Sunnism for more than a thousand years.

As we learned about this nucleus of Islamic theology and how it came to be, Islam reminded us of something very important to all three sisters of Abrahamism.

Globalization and late-stage capitalism have had some pernicious consequences, but they've also tossed us all over our countries and our world and helped us meet and draw conclusions directly from cultural others, and this amalgamation is a healthy antidote to misinformation and prejudice.

It's not new.

During the Roman Empire, during the first three Caliphates, in Al-Andalus, and in a dozen central Eurasian empires, humanity did what we are perfectly capable of doing, glomming together into productive civilizations, even though some of us were striped and others spotted.

We have always been able to do this, and to do it without losing our stripes and spots, should we decide to retain them.

Many have, he said, an inferiority complex about the West.

They resent the military ascendancy which allowed the West to dominate the Middle East and effectively bring about the end of the Ottoman Empire and the Caliphate.

They resent the West's economic and technological advances, the sort of economic and technological advances which made the Twin Towers and the World Trade Center and the Pentagon possible.

But, said Scruton, the Islamists, in addition to having an inferiority complex, also have a superiority complex when it comes to the West.

This is my desire.

Stay connected with the Khilafat.

Be kind and humble and never lose hope.

Be grateful for your blessings.

And so some scholars have said of the people who are most insightful, you know, in that we know, they said she is.

and Abu Bakr when he gave the Khilafah to Umar .

So who are those who are insightful? He says, she is among the most insightful people.

Why? Because she say, hire him.