Bukovina

For this particular chapter, I insisted in my answer on, on this idea of humanitarianism, because this is an example of how I thought about humanitarianism in these camps.

So I focus in this chapter on Jewish refugees from Galicia and Bukovina in particular, and these are people from the eastern part of the monarchy.

And in many ways, it is the quintessential example of what I call in the chapter, probably, I'm not sure if this is the greatest term, but I wanted to kind of make sense of things.

I call it a humanitarian ecosystem.

We see these refugees as objects of state assistance.

The state is the main caregiver here, but we also see the emergence of what I call maybe quasi-private committees, including Zionist committees, including committees focused only on people coming from Galicia and Bukovina, only on Ukrainians, for instance.

So we see different...

I call it quasi-private because the money would come from different sources, including in collaboration with the state.

By various authors.

Russia is taking advantage of the prevailing unsettled conditions of her transient occupation of East Galicia with its capital Lemberg and the northern part of the Bukovina, above all else, to destroy the Ukrainian nation during this focus of its present development, to undermine the foundations of this development, and to exterminate the Ukrainian element.

in protest published three weeks ago by the ukrainian representation of parliament this act of violence which was perpetrated by russia against the religious liberty of the ukrainian people in galicia of the greek catholic united church this act of violence was immediately followed by a second more brutal and criminal because directed against the whole nation against its holiest possessions its highest achievements and against the foundations of its existence governor-general of war lieutenant count borinsky appointed by the russians for galicia issued a proclamation on the thirtieth of september nineteen fourteen in lemberg which was proclaimed also to be in force for bukovina by then russian governor this proclamation contains in four parts a statement in which under penalty of three months in prison or three thousand roubles fine it is forbidden to sell or loan from the libraries those books which have appeared outside the russian border in the russian language or in the ukrainian tongue and at the same time ordered that all such books everywhere must be separately collected and suppressed since no russian books appeared in galicia and in bukovina before the russian invasion yet on the other hand the ukrainian literature bounded and forbidden in russia has since forty years ago developed almost exclusively in galicia and bukovina and its productions above all printed and spread abroad in the city of lemberg it is evident that these snaky statements are directed plainly and exclusively against the ukrainians of these two provinces These statements indicate nothing else than a continuance of the policy of extermination which Russia maintained for centuries against the existence and continuation of the Ukrainian nation.

the same policy which induced Russia's ruler in the year 1680 to prohibit the whole church literature in the Ukrainian language, and in the year 1720 all Ukrainian books, whatever, in the second half of the 18th century during the time of Ukrainian autonomy to destroy the wonderfully developed Ukrainian school system, and in the 19th century to oppose the holy leaders with brutal persecutions and unheard of repressions, which policy reached its zenith in the year 1876, Tsar Alexander II in the ukase which completely banned the Ukrainian word out of literature and from all public activity of church and school.

There were no Russians in Galicia, pays Dr. Dillon, with the exception of the agents provocateur, before the war.

My English friends and I never heard of any others.

Does Russia propose to hand back Bessarabia and lower Bukovina to Romania? or the baltic province to germany why should not italy wish to take the ticino canton from switzerland the nice district from france as well as the trentino and the trest from austria why should russia take armenia This is another indiscreet question, is it not? To all this, the answer is the same.

Any European diplomacy that is strong and cunning enough to get the soldiers of other nations to do their beatings will always reap the benefits.

When, after the partition of Poland, East Galicia came to Austria, a political struggle arose between the Poles and the Ukrainians on the territory of the Austrian constitution, at the bottom of which was the idea of emancipation of the Ukrainian people from Polish hegemony.

Although those in power in Austria delivered up the Ukrainians to the discretion of the Poles, the Ukrainians used the small fragments of liberty to make East Galicia and North Bukovina a national piedmont for the whole Ukrainian people, and, in spite of the Russian cordon, to cultivate the ideal community of interests with their brothers of Ukraine.

Much more dangerous for the Ukrainians was the Russian unitarian theory, which was first upheld by the Russian Tsar Peter the Great.

Under his rule, Ukraine lost her separate position and was incorporated into the Muscovite state of the Tsar.

But it is only since the 17th century that this appellation was generally used, especially since the revolt of the whole Ukrainian people under the Hetman Kamilnitsky, a change of names which is not isolated in history, cf.

Romania, that formerly was called Moldavia and Wallachia respectively.

Only in the western parts of Ukraine, especially in Galicia, Bukovina, and in North Hungary, the original appellation of Ruthenae still remained in use for a long time, but had to give way to the common name of Ukrainians in the last decades before the war after the new rise of Ukrainian civilization.

The Russians wrongly claimed the foundation of the state of Kiev to themselves as the cradle of the Russian people.

[whimsical music plays]

"Bukovina! Coach for Bukovina!" [horses galloping]

The road was rough, but still we seemed to fly over it with feverish haste.

When it grew dark, there seemed to be some excitement among the passengers.

Russia holds the larger part, with some 28 million Ukrainians extending over an area of 850,000 square kilometers, and the Russian nationalists call that country Malorussia, or Little Russia, and the people Little Russians, when they do not call them by worse names.

Austria-Hungary holds a much smaller number, some 3,500,000 in Galicia, 500,000 in Bukovina, and 700,000 in the Subcarpathian districts of Hungary.

About 200,000 in Canada, as many again in USA, and 100,000 in South America are prospering, many of them making money for the cause of their country's independence.

Geographically speaking, as you can see by the above map, the Ukraine is a unit, however, and that is the point that matters.

In Russia, Ukrainians are called Little Russians.

In Austria, in Canada, and USA, and abroad generally, they are usually called Ruthenians, an old word derived from the Latin, and meaning Ukrainian Rus.

When you hear speak of Ruthenians, let it be understood that people are referring only to those Ukrainians who inhabit the provinces of Galicia and Bukovina in Austria, and to those of Hungary.

The press of all countries is gradually waking up to the importance of the Ukrainian question.

Muscovy, Turkey, Poland, Lithuania and the German hordes.

The cession of Galicia, Bukovina and the Hungarian Carpathians would rid them of the Polish and the Teutonic rule.

Turks and Lithuanians have long ceased to trouble them.

There remains but one enemy, Russia.

Protest of the Ukrainians.

By various authors.

Russia is taking advantage of the prevailing unsettled conditions of her transient occupation of East Galicia with its capital Lemberg and the northern part of the Bukovina, above all else, to destroy the Ukrainian nation during this focus of its present development, to undermine the foundations of this development, and to exterminate the Ukrainian element.

In protest, published three weeks ago by the Ukrainian representation of parliament, this act of violence, which was perpetrated by Russia against the religious liberty of the Ukrainian people in Galicia of the Greek Catholic United Church.

Now the Ukraine ever had enemies, Muscovy, Turkey, Poland, Lithuania, and the German hordes.

The cession of Galicia, Bukovina, and the Hungarian Carpathians would rid them of the Polish and the Teutonic rule.

Turks and Lithuanians have long ceased to trouble them.

There remains but one enemy, Russia.

Would the dead rejoice in their graves? Hardly, when they may have to share the fate of Shevchenko, the great national poet of the Ukraine, whose tomb in Russia was this very year guarded by soldiers that the peasants should not approach it lest the remembrance of his life should lead them into bad thoughts.

Three months ago I witnessed in Lemberg the festivities of the centenary of Shevchenko.

That was on June 28, when Ukrainians gathered from all Galicia, from Hungary, Bukovina, and many also from Russian Ukraine.

There was in the morning a procession of some 28,000 peasants, men and women, in full national costume.