Bohdan Khmelnytsky

According to the testimony of socialist revolutionary S. Maslov, quote, "It is a fact that in towns and cities of southern Russia, especially in cities to the west of the Dnieper that changed hands repeatedly, the arrival of Soviets was mostly celebrated and the most of hollow sympathy was expressed in the Jewish quarters and not infrequently only in those alone." A contemporary American historian, Bruce Lincoln, author of a big treatise about our Civil War, said that the entire Ukrainian Cheka was composed of almost eighty percent by Jews that can be explained by the fact that prior to arrival of the Reds, cruel pogroms went on nonstop.

Indeed, those were the bloodiest pogroms since the times of Bogdan Khmelnitsky.

We will discuss the pogrom soon, though it should be noted that the t- that the time sequence was actually the opposite.

Those eighty percent Jews were already staffing the Cheka in nineteen eighteen, whereas the Petliura, Petliura's, a Ukrainian publicist, writer, and journalist who was head of the state during the Ukrainian independence of nineteen eighteen, nineteen twenty, pogroms only gathered momentum during nineteen nineteen.

This migration presumably ended after the conquest of, this is a good one, Tarakans, eastern shore of the Kerch Straits overlooking the eastern end of the Crimean Peninsula, the eastern flank of the old Bosporan Kingdom, 1097, by the Polovtsy.

According to Harkavi's opinion, the vernacular of these Jews, at least since the 9th century, was Slavic, and only in the 17th century when the Ukrainian Jews fled from the pogroms of Khmelnitsky, Bogdan Khmelnitsky, Ukrainian Cossack 1593 to 1657, led the successful Cossack rebellion against Poland with help from the Crimean Tartars, did Yiddish become the language of Jews in Poland.

In various manners, the Jews also came to Kiev and settled there.

Already under Igor, the lower part of the city was called Kosari.

Um, in the Polish Empire, of course, the Cossacks were the core of their rebellion.

They rebelled all the time.

Um, but, uh, after Catherine destroyed, uh, Zaporozhia, smashed the, uh, uh, their fortresses, and eq- uh, you know, Peter had done the same 100 years earlier, it, the Cossack military force was now not really the factor that it was, um, you know, for Khmelnitsky's time.

They didn't have the armed, uh, assistance of, of, um, paramilitary organization to assist them.

A contemporary American historian, Bruce Lincoln, author of a big treatise about our Civil War, said that the entire Ukrainian Cheka was composed of almost 80% by Jews that can be explained by the fact that prior to arrival of the Reds, cruel pogroms went on nonstop.

Indeed, those were the bloodiest pogroms since the times of Bogdan Khmelnitsky.

We will discuss the pogrom soon, though it should be noted that the time sequence was actually the opposite.

Those 80% Jews were already staffing the Cheka in 1918, whereas the Petlioras, a Ukrainian publicist, writer, and journalist who was head of the state during the Ukrainian independence of 1918 and 1920, pogroms only gathered momentum during 1919.

Union with Russia.

After a series of uprisings, the Ukrainians succeeded, in 1648, in liberating the central part of Ukraine from Polish rule and establishing, under Bohdan Khmelnitsky, a Ukrainian democratic republic.

Threatened by Poland on the west and Turkey in the south, the young republic, in 1654, entered into a voluntary union with Russia, which was looked upon as a menace, on the condition that the Ukrainians should be accorded a full measure of self-government.

The czars, however, began curtailing Ukraine's privileges, one after another, until the Ukrainians became, after several unsuccessful uprisings, a subject race.