Anu Bradford

Others are overstated.

I tend to agree with scholars like Anu Bradford, who would point to the lack of a fully functional single market or language barrier issues as more systemic problems in accelerating innovation and integration across the continent.

So there is this belief that any regulation is inherently bad.

I think for a lot of large tech companies, and here they're justified in their concerns, they're worried that the EU will set the bar very high for other countries to follow.

Over the summer, President Trump threatened France with a 100 percent tariff on wine, which having tasted Virginia wine, I think would be a net negative for American consumers.

But this is all over the potential imposition of a DST.

Anu Bradford, who coined the term Brussels effect, I think is very much in play here.

And a lot of the concern that you note, I think it was Moretta Shockey that I've heard at a conference once say that the idea that the reason why there's no big EU European tech firms are due to the tech regulations that are only a few years old is sort of laughable.

But what's that? Well, my first guest will explain.

My name is Anu Bradford.

I'm professor at Columbia Law School and the author of Digital Empires and the Brussels Effect.

So this is really a phrase that now almost all jurisdictions embrace as a policy goal.

I'll just let that one sink in.

And they have developed their own frontier AI model called Mistral.

Anu Bradford says that frontier models are the type of advanced AI that's updated constantly and is most in demand, like Anthropix Mythos and Fable, which non-US customers were blocked from earlier this year.

So when we talk about frontier models, we are referring to these cutting edge, most capable models that are analytically more complex, that are capable of doing tasks in a more precise, more powerful, more accurate way.