Anne Hutchinson

They were founded by small bodies of men and women, united in solemn covenants with the Lord, who planted their settlements in the wilderness.

Not until many a year after Roger Williams and Anne Hutchinson conducted their followers to the Narragansett country was Rhode Island granted a charter of incorporation, 1663, by the Crown.

Not until long after the congregation of Thomas Hooker from Newtown blazed the way into the Connecticut River Valley did the King of England give Connecticut a charter of its own, 1662, and a place among the colonies.

Half a century elapsed before the towns laid out beyond the Merrimack River by immigrants from Massachusetts were formed into the Royal Province of New Hampshire in 1679.

Because this is, like, the beginning of, of religious freedom in our country.

But you know what happened? And I talked about this in, in an earlier episode about, uh, Anne Hutchinson and, uh, Roger Williams, which is also about religious freedom in Massachusetts, but something kind of interesting happened.

Shortly after the Mayflower Compact was signed, and after people were getting settled, religious liberty became not just not a priority, but it became, uh, honestly, almost out of sight, out of mind.

They just stopped.

They're sending him out of the, the, the bounds of Massachusetts.

They are doing everything to squash this man because that's how dangerous he was.

So banishment was pretty common, especially if you remember from the Anne Hutchinson and Roger Williams episode.

They were, they were banished, too.

7th, 1637, Puritan, New England.

The trial of Anne Hutchinson.

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more notorious even than the political dissensions were the moral and theological disputes which almost disrupted the colony the magistrates and elders did not compel men to leave the colony because of political heresy but they did drive them out because of difference in matters of theology even before the company came over endicott had sent john and samuel brown back to england because they worshipped according to the book of common prayer morton and six others were banished in sixteen thirty as an immoral influence sir christopher gardiner philip ratcliffe richard wright the walfords and henry lynne were all forced to leave in sixteen thirty and sixteen thirty one as unmeet to inhabit here roger williams the tolerationist and upholder of sole liberty who complained of the magistrates for oppression and of the elders for injustice and who opposed the close union of church and state was compelled to leave during the winter of sixteen thirty five and sixteen thirty six but the great expulsion came in sixteen thirty seven when an epidemic of heresy struck the colony a synod at newtown condemned eighty erroneous opinions and the general court then disarmed or banished all who persisted in error a furore of excitement gathered about anne hutchinson who claimed to be moved by the spirit and denied that an outward conformity to the letter of the covenant was a sufficient test of true religion unless accompanied with a change in the inner life she was a nonconformist among those who refusing to conform to the church of england had now themselves become conformists of the strictest type to mrs hutchinson the vexatious legalism of puritanism was as abhorrent as had been the practices of the roman and anglican churches to the puritans and though the latter did not realize it they were as unjust to her as laud had been to them she broke from a covenant of works in favor of a covenant of grace and in so doing defied the standing authorities and the ruling clergy of the colony her wit undeniable power of exhortation philanthropic disposition and personal attributes which gave her an ascendency in the boston church drew to her a large following and placed the supremacy of the orthodox party in peril after a long and wordy struggle to check the misgovernment of a woman's tongue and to rebuke the impudent boldness of a proud dame mrs hutchinson was excommunicated and banished and certain of those who upheld her wheelwright hogshell aspenwall cottington and underhill all the men of the colony were also forced to leave in boston and the adjoining towns dozens of men were disarmed for fear of a general uprising against the orthodox government this discord put a terrible strain on the colony and one marvels that it weathered the storm only an iron discipline that knew neither charity nor tolerance could have successfully resisted the attacks on the standing order the years from sixteen thirty five to sixteen thirty eight were a critical time in the history of the colony and the unyielding attitude of magistrates and elders was due in no small part to the danger of attack from england determined on the one hand to save the colony from the menace of anglican control and on the other to prevent the admission of liberal and democratic ideas they struggled to maintain the rule of a minority in behalf of a precise and logically defined theocratic system that admitted neither experiment nor compromise for the moment they were successful because the cromwellian victory in england was favorable to their cause but should independence be overthrown at home should religion cease to be a deciding factor in political quarrels and should the monarchy and the established church gain ascendancy once more then massachusetts would certainly reap the whirlwind the harvesting might be long but the garnering would be none the less sure chapter two chapter three of the fathers of new england chapter three completing the work of settlement through the portal of boston at one time or another passed all or nearly all those who were to found additional colonies in new england and from that portal willingly or unwillingly men and women journeyed north south and west searching for favorable locations buying land of the indians and laying the groundwork for permanent homes and organized communities in this way were begun the colonies of rhode island connecticut new haven and new hampshire each of which sprang in part from the desire for separate religious and political life and in part from the migratory instinct which has always characterized the englishman in his effort to find a home and a means of livelihood sometimes individuals wandered alone or in groups of two or three but more frequently covenanted companies of men and women of like minds moved across the face of the land followed indian trails or voyaged by water along the coast and up the rivers usually remaining where they first found satisfaction but often in new combinations taking up the burden of their journeying and moving on a second a third and even a fourth time in search of homes abraham pearson and his flock migrated four times in thirty years seeking a place where they might find rest under a government according to god the frontier puritan was neither docile nor easily satisfied he was restless opinionated and eager to assert himself and his convictions the controversies among the elect regarding doctrines and morals often became so heated that complete separation was the only remedy and wherever there was a migrating leader followers were sure to be found hence despite the dangers from cold famine the indian and the wilderness the men of new england were constantly shifting in these earlier years as one motive or another urged them on land was plentiful and as a rule easily obtained opportunities for trade presented themselves to any one who would seek them and the freedom of earth and sky and of nature unspoiled offered an ideal environment for a closer communion with god owing to the many varieties of religious opinion that prevailed among these radical pioneers each new grouping and consequent settlement had an individuality of its own determined by the personality of its leader and by the ideas that he represented les williams clark coddington and gorton influenced rhode island hooker haynes and ludlow connecticut davenport eton and pearson new haven in wheelwright and under hill new hampshire roger williams the founder of providence the first plantation to be settled in what was later the colony of rhode island was driven out of boston because he called in question the authority of the government denied the legality of its land title as derived from the king and contested the right of the magistrates to deal with matters ecclesiastical making his way through the wilderness in the winter of sixteen thirty five to sixteen thirty six he finally settled on the mooshassic river calling the place providence and in the ensuing two years he gathered about him a number of those who found the church system of massachusetts intolerable and the erastian doctrines of the magistrates according to which the sins of believers were to be punished by civil authority distressing to their consciences they drew up a plantation covenant promising to subject themselves in active or passive obedience to all such orders or agreements as might be made for the public good in an orderly way by the majority vote of the masters of families incorporated together into a town fellowship but only in civil things thus did the men of providence put into practice their doctrine of a church separable from the state and of a political order in which there were no magistrates no elders exercising civil as well as spiritual authority and no restraint on sole liberty a year or two later william coddington loyal ally of anne hutchinson with others clark coggeshall and aspinwall who resented the aggressive attitude of boston purchased from the indians the island of aquidneck in narragansett bay and at the northern end planted poe cossett afterwards portsmouth the second settlement in the colony of rhode island they too entered into a covenant to join themselves into a body politic and elected coddington as their judge and five others as elders but this modeling of the government after the practices of the old testament was not pleasing to a majority of the community which desired a more democratic organization after a few months in the spring of sixteen thirty nine coddington and his followers therefore journeyed southward and established a third settlement at newport here the members adopted a covenant engaging themselves to bear equal charges answerable to our strength and estates in common and to be governed by major voice of judge and elders the judge to have a double voice though differing from the system as developed in massachusetts the newport government at the beginning had a decidedly theocratic character

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In matters of detail, the Connecticut system differed from that of Massachusetts in three particulars.

it imposed no religious test for those entitled to vote but required only that the governor be a church member though it is probable that in practice only those would be admitted freemen who were covenanted christians it gave less power to the magistrates and more to the freemen and it placed the election of the governor in the hands of the voters limiting their choice only to a church member and a former magistrate and forbidding re-election until after the expiration of a year Later, the qualifications of a free man were made such that only about one in every two or three voted in the 17th century.

the powers of the magistrates were increased and the governor was allowed to succeed himself connecticut was less democratic than rhode island in the seventeenth century and as the years went on fewer and fewer of the inhabitants exercised the free man's privilege of voting for the higher officials by no stretch of the imagination can the political conditions in any of the new england colonies be called popular or democratic government was in the hands of a very few men two more settlements remain to be considered before a survey of the foundations of new england can be called complete when the rev john wheelwright the friend of anne hutchinson was driven from massachusetts and took his way northward to the region of squam scott falls where he founded exeter he entered a territory of grants and claims and rights of possession that render the early history of new hampshire a tangle of difficulties out of a grant to gorges and mason of the stretch of coast between the merrimac and the kennebec in sixteen twenty two and a confirmation of mason's right to the region between the merrimac and the piscataqua arose the settlement of strawberry bank or portsmouth and accompanying it a controversy over the title to the soil that lasted throughout the colonial period mason called his territory new hampshire gorges planned to call the region that he received new somersetshire and both designations took root one as the name of a colony the other as that of a county in maine at an earlier date merchants of bristol and shrewsbury had become interested in this part of new england and had sent over one edward hilton who some time before sixteen twenty seven began a settlement at dover the share of the bristol merchants was purchased in sixteen thirty three by the english lords and gentlemen already concerned in the connecticut settlement for the purpose it may be of furnishing another refuge in new england should conditions at home demand their withdrawal overseas but nothing came of their purchase except an unfortunate controversy with plymouth colony over trading boundaries on the kennebec the men established on this northern frontier were often lawless and difficult to control of loose habits and morals and intent on their own profit and the region itself was inhospitable to organized and settled government yet out of these somewhat nebulous beginnings four settlements arose portsmouth massonium and anglican dover anglican and puritan exeter and hampton both puritan each with its civil compact and each an independent town the inhabitants were few in number and the generality of mean and low estates and little disposed to union among themselves but in sixteen thirty eight to sixteen thirty nine the massachusetts discovered that one interpretation of her charter would carry her northern boundary to a point above them she took them under her protecting wing after considerable debate this jurisdiction was recognized and the new hampshire and maine towns were brought within her boundaries henceforth for many years a number of these towns though in part anglican communities and never burdened with the requirement that their freemanby church members were represented in the general court at boston nevertheless the mason and gorgias adherents whose anglican and pro-monarchical sympathies were hostile to puritan control and who were supported by the persistent efforts of the mason family in england were able to obtain the separation of new hampshire from massachusetts in Maine, however, remained a part of the Bay Colony to the end of the colonial period.

The circumstances attending the settlement of New Haven were wholly unlike those of New Hampshire.

Three other colonies, all of which retained their identity until the eve of the American Revolution, likewise sprang directly from the congregations of the faithful.

rhode island connecticut and new hampshire mainly offshoots from massachusetts they were founded by small bodies of men and women united in solemn covenants with the lord who planted their settlements in the wilderness Not until many a year after Roger Williams and Anne Hutchinson conducted their followers to the Narragansett country was Rhode Island granted a charter of incorporation, 1663, by the Crown.

Not until long after the congregation of Thomas Hooker from Newtown blazed the way into the Connecticut River Valley did the King of England give Connecticut a charter of its own, 1662, and a place among the colonies.

Half a century elapsed before the towns laid out beyond the Merrimack River by immigrants from Massachusetts were formed into the royal province of New Hampshire in 1679.

and Massachusetts was a good deal perplexed as to what course to pursue.

in sixteen forty four all sent a commissioner to boston who conversed with governor endicott in french and with the rest of the magistrates in latin an endeavor to arrange terms of peace two years later the same commissioner came again with two others and was cordially entertained with wine and sweetmeats the matter was referred to the commissioners of the united colonies who decided with considerable shrewdness that the volunteers in aiding la tour had acted efficiently but not wisely and consequently a compromise was reached alnay's commissioners abated their claims for damages and governor winthrop consented to send a small present to alnay in lieu of compensation the present was a fair new sedan worth says winthrop forty or fifty pounds where it was made but of no use to us having been part of some spanish booty taken in the west indies and presented to the governor so final peace was made at no expense to the colony and later after aulnay's death in sixteen fifty la tour married the widow and came to his own in nova scotia the troubles with the dutch were not so easily settled england had never acknowledged the dutch claim to new amsterdam and the new england council in making its grants had paid no attention to the dutch occupation though trade had been carried on and early relations had been on the whole amicable yet after connecticut's overthrow of the pequots in sixteen thirty seven and the opening of the territory to settlement the founding of towns as far west as stamford and greenwich had rendered acute the conflict of titles there was no western limit to the english claims and as the colonists were perfectly willing to accept sir william boswell's advice to crowd on crowding the dutch out of those places which they have occupied without hostility or any act of violence a collision was bound to come the dutch who in their turn were not abating a jot of their claims had already destroyed a new haven settlement on the delaware and had asserted rights of jurisdiction even in new haven harbor by seizing there one of their own ships charged with evading the laws of new amsterdam peter stuyvesant the dutch governor famous for his short temper and mythical silver leg visited hartford in sixteen fifty and negotiated with the commissioners of the united colonies a treaty drawing the boundary line from the west side of greenwich bay northward twenty miles but this treaty though ratified by the states-general of holland was never ratified by england and when two years later war between the two countries broke out overseas the question of an attack on new amsterdam was taken up and debated with such heat as nearly to disrupt the confederation the absolute refusal of massachusetts to enter on such an undertaking so prolonged the discussion that the war was over before a decision was reached but connecticut seized the dutch lands at hartford and roger ludlow who had moved to fairfield from windsor after sixteen forty began an abortive military campaign of his own the situation remained unchanged as long as the dutch held new netherland and the region between greenwich and the bronx continued to be what it had been from the beginning of settlement a territory occupied only by indians and a few straggling emigrants there the unfortunate anne hutchinson with her family was massacred by the indians in

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Chapter six, Religious Persecutions in New England, part two.

Scarcely were the Massachusetts magistrates rid of Williams when they found themselves engaged in a much more threatening controversy with Mrs. Anne Hutchinson and her adherents, who believed in various dangerous errors and carried their contempt for the constituted ministry to the point of rising and marching out of the Boston church when its respected pastor, John Wilson, arose to speak.

The other ministers of the colony rallied to Wilson's support.

The general court summoned Mrs. Hutchinson before it in November 1637 and pronounced sentence of banishment, which was put into effect March 28th, 1638.

Anne Hutchinson's Exile, March 28th, 1638.

Home, home, where's my baby's home? Here we seek, there we seek, my baby's home to find.

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and Massachusetts was a good deal perplexed as to what course to pursue.

in sixteen forty four all sent a commissioner to boston who conversed with governor endicott in french and with the rest of the magistrates in latin an endeavor to arrange terms of peace two years later the same commissioner came again with two others and was cordially entertained with wine and sweetmeats the matter was referred to the commissioners of the united colonies who decided with considerable shrewdness that the volunteers in aiding la tour had acted efficiently but not wisely and consequently a compromise was reached alnay's commissioners abated their claims for damages and governor winthrop consented to send a small present to alnay in lieu of compensation the present was a fair new sedan worth says winthrop forty or fifty pounds where it was made but of no use to us having been part of some spanish booty taken in the west indies and presented to the governor so final peace was made at no expense to the colony and later after aulnay's death in sixteen fifty la tour married the widow and came to his own in nova scotia the troubles with the dutch were not so easily settled england had never acknowledged the dutch claim to new amsterdam and the new england council in making its grants had paid no attention to the dutch occupation though trade had been carried on and early relations had been on the whole amicable yet after connecticut's overthrow of the pequots in sixteen thirty seven and the opening of the territory to settlement the founding of towns as far west as stamford and greenwich had rendered acute the conflict of titles there was no western limit to the english claims and as the colonists were perfectly willing to accept sir william boswell's advice to crowd on crowding the dutch out of those places which they have occupied without hostility or any act of violence a collision was bound to come the dutch who in their turn were not abating a jot of their claims had already destroyed a new haven settlement on the delaware and had asserted rights of jurisdiction even in new haven harbor by seizing there one of their own ships charged with evading the laws of new amsterdam peter stuyvesant the dutch governor famous for his short temper and mythical silver leg visited hartford in sixteen fifty and negotiated with the commissioners of the united colonies a treaty drawing the boundary line from the west side of greenwich bay northward twenty miles but this treaty though ratified by the states-general of holland was never ratified by england and when two years later war between the two countries broke out overseas the question of an attack on new amsterdam was taken up and debated with such heat as nearly to disrupt the confederation the absolute refusal of massachusetts to enter on such an undertaking so prolonged the discussion that the war was over before a decision was reached but connecticut seized the dutch lands at hartford and roger ludlow who had moved to fairfield from windsor after sixteen forty began an abortive military campaign of his own the situation remained unchanged as long as the dutch held new netherland and the region between greenwich and the bronx continued to be what it had been from the beginning of settlement a territory occupied only by indians and a few straggling emigrants there the unfortunate anne hutchinson with her family was massacred by the indians in

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It gave less power to the magistrates and more to the freemen, and it placed the election of the governor in the hands of the voters, limiting their choice only to a church member.

and a former magistrate and forbidding re-election until after the expiration of a year later the qualifications of a freeman were made such that only about one in every two or three voted in the seventeenth century the powers of the magistrates were increased and the governor was allowed to succeed himself connecticut was less democratic than rhode island in the seventeenth century and as the years went on fewer and fewer of the inhabitants exercised the free man's privilege of voting for the higher officials by no stretch of the imagination can the political conditions in any of the new england colonies be called popular or democratic government was in the hands of a very few men two more settlements remained to be considered before a survey of the foundations of new england can be called complete when the rev john wheelwright the friend of anne hutchinson was driven from massachusetts and took his way northward to the region of squam scott falls where he founded exeter he entered a territory of grants and claims and rights of possession that render the early history of new hampshire a tangle of difficulties out of a grant to gorges and mason of the stretch of coast between the merrimac and the kennebec in sixteen twenty two and a confirmation of mason's right to the region between the merrimac and the piscataqua arose the settlement of strawberry bank or portsmouth and accompanying it a controversy over the title to the soil that lasted throughout the colonial period mason called his territory new hampshire gorges planned to call the region that he received new somersetshire and both designations took root one as the name of a colony the other as that of a county in maine at an earlier date merchants of bristol and shrewsbury had become interested in this part of new england and had sent over one edward hilton who some time before sixteen twenty seven began a settlement at dover the share of the bristol merchants was purchased in sixteen thirty three by the english lords and gentlemen already concerned in the connecticut settlement for the purpose it may be of furnishing another refuge in new england should conditions at home demand their withdrawal overseas but nothing came of their purchase except an unfortunate controversy with plymouth colony over trading boundaries on the kennebec the men established on this northern frontier were often lawless and difficult to control of loose habits and morals and intent on their own profit and the region itself was inhospitable to organized and settled government yet out of these somewhat nebulous beginnings four settlements arose portsmouth massonium and anglican dover anglican and puritan exeter and hampton both puritan each with its civil compact and each an independent town the inhabitants were few in number and the generality of mean and low estates and little disposed to union among themselves but in sixteen thirty eight to sixteen thirty nine new massachusetts discovered that one interpretation of her charter would carry her northern boundary to a point above them she took them under her protecting wing after considerable debate this jurisdiction was recognized and the new hampshire and maine towns were brought within her boundaries henceforth for many years a number of these towns though in part anglican communities and never burdened with the requirement that their freemanby church members were represented in the general court at boston nevertheless the mason and gorgias adherents whose anglican and pro-monarchical sympathies were hostile to puritan control and who were supported by the persistent efforts of the mason family in england were able to obtain the separation of new hampshire from massachusetts in Maine, however, remained a part of the Bay Colony to the end of the colonial period.

The circumstances attending the settlement of New Haven were wholly unlike those of New Hampshire.

John Davenport, a London clergyman of an extreme Puritan type, Theophilus Eaton, a London merchant in the Baltic trade and a member of the Eastland Company, Samuel Eaton and John Lathrop, two non-conforming ministers, were the leaders of the movement.