Amphetamine

the dopamine transporter and the norepinephrine transporter, so the dopamine and norepinephrine your brain is already releasing just hangs around longer in the synapse.

Think of it as putting a stopper in the drain.

Amphetamines do that too, but they also reverse the transporter.

They push neurotransmitters out of the presynaptic neuron, including from vesicular stores, the little packets where dopamine is held in reserve.

So you're not just keeping what's already there, you're forcing more out.

They utilized an amphetamine challenge, didn't they?

They did, and the methodology is brilliant in its simplicity.

Amphetamine acts as a potent psychostimulant.

It literally forces the presynaptic terminal to reverse its transporters and just dump its vesicular dopamine stores directly into the synapse.

Okay, so researchers first scan the patient at baseline with 11 cracklepride to establish their resting binding potential.

Bupropion and naltrexone show modest benefit with 13.6% versus 2.5% placebo negative urine samples in the trial windows reported.

Amphetamine.

Amphetamine is mechanistically similar to methamphetamine, but it's generally less potent.

It affects DAT and VMAT too.

And both also involve MAO, CompT, serotonin transporters, and norepinephrine transporters.

Methamphetamine is about five times more effective than amphetamine at promoting dopamine release and reducing dopamine clearance through the DAT.

Amphetamine increases extracellular dopamine through reverse transport via the DAT.

The DAT is essential.