Air-independent propulsion

No, no, that's great, but six Scorpene-class submarines isn't going to cut it, particularly since Pakistan is in the process of inducting eight Hangor-class submarines, and we'll get to that in a moment.

These are very advanced Chinese submarines, AIP-equipped, so air-independent propulsion.

I'm going to make you

explain all those things.

Between 2017 and 2019, 2017 is when the first Scorpene was inducted.

So between 2017 and 2019, this was recast as you reported Vishnu at that time as a strategic partnership model and expression of interest was sought, which basically meant that whoever was going to build it in India, whoever was going to the foreign company that built the submarine needed to find an Indian partner, a strategic partner, and build it through them rather than just selling it.

July 2021, the requests for proposal were issued to Mazagon Docks and L&T for six AIP-equipped submarines.

2024 to January 2025, trials took place and Mazagon Dock in partnership with the Germans, the TKMS, emerged as the sole qualifying contender.

No, no, that's great, but six Scorpene-class submarines isn't going to cut it, particularly since Pakistan is in the process of inducting eight Hangor-class submarines, and we'll get to that in a moment.

These are very advanced Chinese submarines, AIP-equipped, so air-independent propulsion.

I'm going to make you

explain all those things.

The development of better batteries is one of the areas where submarine technology continues to advance, offering the possibility of diesel-electric submarines that can stay submerged longer and travel farther than ever before.

Air Independent Propulsion, or AIP, systems represent an alternative technology that allows diesel-electric submarines to generate electrical power and propulsion while submerged, without needing to surface.

AIP systems use various technologies to generate power without requiring air from the surface.

The most common AIP technology is the Stirling engine, which is a heat engine that can operate on any heat source, including combustion of fuel in an oxygen-rich environment provided by the submarine's own systems.