Acetyl-CoA

So when you eat carbohydrate, it's broken down into glucose and that glucose can then be converted into pyruvate.

Pyruvate can then become acetyl-CoA and acetyl-CoA enters the Krebs cycle, also called the citric acid cycle, where we make energy.

So just to reiterate, the simple flow is carbohydrate becomes glucose, glucose becomes pyruvate, pyruvate becomes acetyl-CoA, acetyl-CoA enters the Krebs cycle.

The Krebs cycle helps produce ATP, which is cellular energy.

But pyruvate can also do something else that is very important.

Pyruvate can help make oxaloacetate.

And oxaloacetate matters because acetyl-CoA needs oxaloacetate to enter the Krebs cycle efficiently.

So with carbohydrate, you are not just providing fuel, you're also providing some of the machinery that allows that fuel to move through the Krebs cycle.

Fructose 1-6-bisphosphate is then carried through the aldolase reaction, making dihydroxyacetone phosphate and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate.

Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate then goes through the rest of glycolysis, going through 3-PGA, 2-PGA, phosphenylpyruvate, pyruvate, acetyl-CoA.

Acetyl-CoA then, that very important thioester, which is involved in a great deal of cancer-associated proliferation of cells.

See? That's how I got all the way through that.

that one enzyme regulation at the level of its very own microRNA, which is a natural phenomenon in the cell.

In order to supply reducing equivalents, mitochondria has to consume substrates with the Krebs cycle.

And the Krebs cycle is supplied by acetyl-CoA, which is produced by the breakdown of both fats and carbohydrates.

So to the mitochondria, once you get to acetyl-CoA, it doesn't matter where it came from.

It's chemically identical.

It's not like this acetyl-CoA is tagged as like, hey, this is lactate derived.

And this acetyl-CoA is like, you know, fat derived or ketone derived.

Like it doesn't matter.

It just wants, it's just like, give me acetyl-CoA.

Of course, byproducts or radical oxygen species and, and producing a lot more lactate because they're trying to desperately produce ATP, but they can't.

The moment, um, you, of course, do that, you deplete acetyl-CoA, and that's really, really important because without that, then energetic processes just can't function.

Non-functioning mitochondria leading to non-functioning neurons leading to improper communication between brain cells.

Sounds familiar? We look at delirium.

Funny enough, lactate increase as a biomarker in both schizophrenia and in, um, um, bipolar disorder.

So showing that there is a compromised glycolytic process in both disorders.

Um, and acetyl-CoA gets depleted, which is very, very important as well.

So good.

So in oxidative metabolism, our cells are converting glucose to pyruvate in a process that's known as glycolysis.

And then this pyruvate is converted to acetyl-CoA by pyruvate dehydrogenase.

And then this acetyl-CoA is fed into the citric acid cycle or the Krebs cycle.

And the Krebs cycle spits out a bunch of higher energy molecules like GTP as well as electron carrier molecules like three NADHs and one FADH2.

And then what happens is that these electron carriers which are the NADH and the FADH2 make their way to the electron transport chain which is like the third part of this oxidative metabolism.

Bien, la glucosa en esa glucólisis, cuando se rompe al final de ese proceso, da piruvato y luego da lactato.

Ese piruvato puede ir a la mitocondria en, en, en por acetilCoA, el ciclo de Krebs, o puede llegar a lactato.

Bien, ¿dónde está el problema? O ¿dónde está la ventaja? Ese lactato, una vez que hemos llegado, repito, glucosa, piruvato, lactato, ese lactato tiene varios caminos.

Uno de ellos es volver a piruvato Si tú estás, tienes unas mitocondrias entrenadas, y repito, que ese piruvato entra en la mitocondria de energía.

No podríamos subir una revolución.

O sea, gracias a eso tenemos una capacidad de ir más rápido, de ser más explosivos y de poder hacer fútbol, eh, pádel, crossfit y demás.

Porque si no, si nos quedamos en piruvato, solo podríamos ir a acetilCoA ciclo de Krebs, con lo cual seríamos muy buenos diésel, pero vamos, nos faltaría esa intensidad.

Perfecto, Claudio, muy interesante, aunque lógicamente nos hemos quedado en la superficie.

One of the carbons off the three-carbon chain bonds with an oxygen molecule and leaves the cell as CO2.

What's left is a two-carbon compound called acetyl coenzyme A, or acetyl CoA.

Then, another NAD plus comes along, picks up a hydrogen, and becomes NADH.

So are

In plants, start off the same as you do when you're thinking about the production of prenal lipids in animals for the synthesis of the retinoic acid, and in fact, beta-carotene.

You start off with acetyl-CoA, generate acetoacetyl-CoA, then 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-CoA, then the HMG-CoA reductase is going to give you mevalonic acid.

The following reactions then are going to be mevalonate.

I'm just going to give you what products are formed.

We brought in retinoic acid, vitamin D3, and we've already been talking about cholesterol directly via membrane association and oxysterols also directly functioning through T-cell receptor-mediated responses.

We talked about the flux between fatty acid oxidation and glycolysis in the oxidative pentose phosphate shunt as immunometabolic regulators as well.

And we talked about how the complex organization of the allosteric control over carbohydrate metabolism functions as to the delivery of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA in the mitochondria.

and how the tricarboxylic acid pathway, and then the reduced nicotinamide and flavanadine dinucleotides are functioning for ATP synthesis that would control proclamatory or modulatory cytokine and chemokine secretion, as well as cell proliferation.

Very commonly, we're going to see it with magnesium.

Magnesium, we have over 300 plus enzymatic roles in the body, especially when we're consuming lots of glucose or more carbohydrate, especially the more processed, to run the Krebs cycle, the citric acid cycle, to generate, take that glucose, bring it through glycolysis, funnel that into acetyl-CoA.

Acetyl-CoA goes right around the Krebs cycle twice.

You're generating... three NADHs, one FADH2 each time.

So each time it turns twice, you're at six NADHs, two FADH2.