ABCD Study

This has considerable clinical and policy implications in settings where medical cannabis is legally available under a prescription model.

Next is an article in the Journal of Adolescent Health titled "Co-Use of Some Substances Associated With Higher Doses in Adolescents: Findings From the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study." Nicotine, alcohol, and cannabis are the most commonly used substances among adolescents.

Their use often co-occurs.

Using data from six waves of the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study, the patterns and doses of substance co-use in this vulnerable population was assessed.

The average dose of nicotine was significantly higher when co-used with alcohol or when co-used with cannabis in year six.

Nicotine trends were similar in years four and five.

And so some amazing things happened.

There was a very large study stood up in the United States called the Adolescent Brain and Cognitive Development Study, the ABCD study.

And this was one of the first times that we have tried as a nation to do this kind of really large scale assessment of kids as they are prior to puberty and then through that developmental period to try to understand a lot of things about them.

And there were some really nice questionnaires put in about what allowed us to just ask these questions for the first time in a really curious and unbiased way.

Yeah, but Andrew, so on that point, I was curious when reading your paper.

I am fascinated that somebody, while designing these questions, had the foresight to ask about pain and to enable the sorts of analyses that you're doing now.

So maybe we just take one step back and have a think about what the ABCD cohort is and how young kids and their families were asked to contribute.

Maybe Melissa, you could help us with that.

... structural changes in the brain and also fu- changes in function that are happening when people are using social media.

So the first study was called Social Media Use and Early Adolescent Brain Structure, the ABCD study.

So they looked at over 7,000 participants, ages 10 to 13, and had them self-report their social media use, and then they also had them do a social media addiction questionnaire.

Actually, I think it was the same, the Bergen Questionnaire, the same one-